sv1za
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on
December , 2005
Registration No. 333-124950
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
PRE-EFFECTIVE
AMENDMENT
NO. 3 TO
Form S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
United States Oil Fund, LP
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
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Delaware |
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6799 |
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20-2830691 |
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization) |
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(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number) |
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(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.) |
1320 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 145
Alameda, California 94502
510.522-3336
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including
area code, of Registrants principal executive offices)
Nicholas D. Gerber
1320 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 145
Alameda, California 94502
510.522-3336
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
W. Thomas Conner, Esq.
James M. Cain, Esq.
Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP
1275 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20004-2405
202.383.0590
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the
public: As soon as practicable after this registration
statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be
offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to
Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the
following
box. þ
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an
offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act
of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act
registration statement number of the earlier effective
registration statement for the same
offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to
Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the
following box and list the Securities Act registration statement
number of the earlier effective registration statement for the
same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to
Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act of 1933, check the
following box and list the Securities Act registration statement
number of the earlier effective registration statement for the
same offering. o
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
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Proposed Maximum |
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Proposed Maximum |
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Amount of |
Title of Each Class of |
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Amount to be |
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Offering |
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Aggregate |
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Registration |
Securities to be Registered |
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Registered |
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Price per unit(1) |
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Offering Price(1) |
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Fee(2) |
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Units of United States Oil Fund, LP
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1,000,000 units |
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$50.45 |
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$50,450,000 |
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$5,937.97 |
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(1) |
Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration
fee pursuant to Rule 457(d) under the Securities Act of
1933. The price of each unit was estimated based on the closing
price of near month oil futures contracts on the New York
Mercantile Exchange of $50.45 on May 11, 2005. |
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(2) |
Previously Submitted |
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on
such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective
date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which
specifically states that this Registration Statement shall
thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a)
of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration
Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities
and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said
Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not
complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities
until the registration statement filed with the SEC is
effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these
securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these
securities in any state where the offer or sale is not
permitted.
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SUBJECT TO COMPLETION,
DATED 2005
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
1,000,000 units
United States Oil Fund, LP
United States Oil Fund, LP, a Delaware limited partnership, is a
commodity pool that will issue units that may be purchased and
sold on the American Stock Exchange. United States Oil Fund, LP
is referred to as USOF throughout this document. The investment
objective of USOF is for the units net asset value to
reflect the performance of the spot price of West Texas
Intermediate light, sweet crude oil delivered to Cushing,
Oklahoma, less USOFs expenses.
USOF will invest in futures contracts for West Texas
Intermediate light, sweet crude oil and/or other petroleum-based
fuels that are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange and/or
other U.S. and foreign exchanges and other oil interests such as
cash-settled options on oil futures contracts, forward contracts
for oil, and over-the-counter transactions that are based on the
price of oil, other petroleum-based fuels, oil futures contracts
and indices based on the foregoing. USOF will also invest in
obligations of the United States government and hold cash to be
used to meet its current or potential margin or collateral
requirements with respect to its investments in oil futures
contracts and other oil interests. The general partner, Victoria
Bay Asset Management, LLC, is authorized by the Limited
Partnership Agreement to manage USOF.
This is a best efforts offering. USOF will continually offer
creation baskets consisting of 100,000 units through ALPS Mutual
Fund Services, Inc., which is the marketing agent, to authorized
purchasers. [Name of initial Authorized Purchaser] is
expected to be the initial authorized purchaser. Authorized
purchasers will pay a $1,000 fee for the creation of each
creation basket. There are no arrangements to place funds in an
escrow, trust, or similar account. This will be a continuous
offering and will not terminate until all of the registered
units have been sold.
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The initial authorized purchaser will, subject to conditions,
purchase the initial creation basket of 100,000 units at an
initial offering price per unit equal to the closing price of
near-month oil futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil as
listed on the New York Mercantile Exchange on the last business
day prior to the effective date of the registration statement
relating to this prospectus. The effective date will be the date
the first creation basket is sold and the proceeds are invested.
The per unit price of units offered in creation baskets on any
subsequent day will be the total NAV of USOF calculated shortly
after the close of the American Stock Exchange on that day
divided by the number of issued and outstanding units. |
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Authorized purchasers will be the only persons that may place
orders to create and redeem baskets. An Authorized Purchaser is
under no obligation to create or redeem baskets, and an
Authorized Purchaser is under no obligation to offer to the
public units of any baskets it does create. Authorized
Purchasers that do offer to the public units from the baskets
they create will do so at a per-unit offering price that will
vary depending upon, among other factors, the trading price of
the units on the American Stock Exchange and the NAV at the time
of the offer. Units initially comprising the same basket but
offered by Authorized Purchasers to the public at different
times may have different offering prices. Units are expected to
trade in the secondary market on the American Stock Exchange.
Units may trade in the secondary market at prices that are lower
or higher relative to their net asset value per unit. The amount
of the discount or premium in the trading price relative to the
net asset value per unit may be influenced by various factors,
including the number of investors who seek to purchase or sell
units in the secondary market and the liquidity of the oil
futures contracts market and the market for other oil interests.
Authorized purchasers will not be required to sell any specific
number or dollar amount of units. |
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USOF is not a mutual fund registered under the Investment
Company Act of 1940 and is not subject to regulation under such
Act.
Some of the risks of investing in USOF include:
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Investing in oil interests subjects USOF to the risks of the oil
industry and this could result in large fluctuations in the
price of USOFs units. |
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If certain correlations do not exist, then investors may not be
able to use USOF as a cost effective way to invest indirectly in
oil or as a hedge against the risk of loss in oil-related
transactions. |
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USOF does not expect to make cash distributions. |
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USOF and its general partner may have conflicts of interest,
which may permit them to favor their own interests to your
detriment. |
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USOF has no operating history so there is no performance history
to serve as a basis for you to evaluate an investment
in USOF. |
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Investing in USOF involves other significant risks. See
What are the Risk Factors Involved With An Investment In
USOF? starting on page 9.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) nor any state securities commission has
approved or disapproved of the securities offered in this
prospectus, or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal
offense.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
has not passed upon the merits of participating in this pool nor
has it passed on the adequacy or accuracy of this disclosure
document.
This prospectus is in two parts: a disclosure document and a
statement of additional information. These parts are bound
together, and both contain important information.
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Per Unit | |
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Per Basket | |
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Price of the units in the first basket sold
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$ |
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$ |
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The date of this prospectus
is ,
2005.
COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION
RISK DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY CONSIDER WHETHER YOUR FINANCIAL
CONDITION PERMITS YOU TO PARTICIPATE IN A COMMODITY POOL. IN SO
DOING, YOU SHOULD BE AWARE THAT FUTURES AND OPTIONS TRADING CAN
QUICKLY LEAD TO LARGE LOSSES AS WELL AS GAINS. SUCH TRADING
LOSSES CAN SHARPLY REDUCE THE NET ASSET VALUE OF THE POOL AND
CONSEQUENTLY THE VALUE OF YOUR INTEREST IN THE POOL. IN
ADDITION, RESTRICTIONS ON REDEMPTIONS MAY AFFECT YOUR ABILITY TO
WITHDRAW YOUR PARTICIPATION IN THE POOL.
FURTHER, COMMODITY POOLS MAY BE SUBJECT TO SUBSTANTIAL
CHARGES FOR MANAGEMENT, ADVISORY AND BROKERAGE FEES. IT MAY BE
NECESSARY FOR THOSE POOLS THAT ARE SUBJECT TO THESE CHARGES TO
MAKE SUBSTANTIAL TRADING PROFITS TO AVOID DEPLETION OR
EXHAUSTION OF THEIR ASSETS. THIS DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT CONTAINS A
COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF EACH EXPENSE TO BE CHARGED THIS POOL
BEGINNING ON PAGE
[ ]
AND A STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE RETURN NECESSARY TO BREAK
EVEN, THAT IS, TO RECOVER THE AMOUNT OF YOUR INITIAL INVESTMENT,
ON PAGE [ ].
THIS BRIEF STATEMENT CANNOT DISCLOSE ALL THE RISKS AND OTHER
FACTORS NECESSARY TO EVALUATE YOUR PARTICIPATION IN THIS
COMMODITY POOL. THEREFORE, BEFORE YOU DECIDE TO PARTICIPATE IN
THIS COMMODITY POOL, YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY STUDY THIS DISCLOSURE
DOCUMENT, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL RISK
FACTORS OF THIS INVESTMENT, BEGINNING ON
PAGE .
YOU SHOULD ALSO BE AWARE THAT THIS COMMODITY POOL MAY TRADE
FOREIGN FUTURES OR OPTIONS CONTRACTS. TRANSACTIONS ON MARKETS
LOCATED OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING MARKETS FORMALLY
LINKED TO A UNITED STATES MARKET, MAY BE SUBJECT TO REGULATIONS
WHICH OFFER DIFFERENT OR DIMINISHED PROTECTION TO THE POOL AND
ITS PARTICIPANTS. FURTHER, UNITED STATES REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
MAY BE UNABLE TO COMPEL THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE RULES OF
REGULATORY AUTHORITIES OR MARKETS IN NON-UNITED STATES
JURISDICTIONS WHERE TRANSACTIONS FOR THE POOL MAY BE
EFFECTED.
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THIS POOL HAS NOT COMMENCED TRADING AND
DOES NOT HAVE ANY PERFORMANCE HISTORY |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Prospectus Summary
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Overview of USOF
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The Units
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USOFs Investments
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Principal Investment Risks of an Investment in USOF
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Principal Offices of USOF and the General Partner
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Financial Condition of USOF
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Breakeven Analysis
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What are the Risk Factors Involved with an Investment in USOF?
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Risks Associated With Investing Directly or Indirectly in Oil
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USOFs Operating Risks
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Risk of Leverage and Volatility
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Counterparty Risk
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Risk of Trading in International Markets
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Tax Risk
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Legal Risks
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The Offering
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What is USOF?
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Who is the General Partner?
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How Does USOF Operate?
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What is USOFs Investment Strategy?
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What are Oil Futures Contracts?
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What is the Light, Sweet Crude Oil Market?
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How Will USOF Purchase and Sell Oil Futures Contracts?
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What is the Flow of Units?
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What are the Trading Policies of USOF?
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Who are the Service Providers?
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What is the Plan of Distribution?
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Use of Proceeds
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The Commodity Interest Markets
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Potential Advantages of Investment
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Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations
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Limited Partnership Agreement
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Fees and Expenses
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57 |
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The General Partner Has Conflicts of Interest
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The General Partners Responsibility and Remedies
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Liability and Indemnification
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Provisions of Law
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Unit Splits
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60 |
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Books and Records
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60 |
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Analysis of Critical Accounting Policies
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Statements, Filings, and Reports
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Fiscal Year
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Governing Law; Consent To Delaware Jurisdiction
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Legal Matters
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Privacy Policy
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U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
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Backup Withholding
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71 |
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Other Tax Considerations
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Information You Should Know
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75 |
Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
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Where You Can Find More Information
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Patent Application Pending
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76 |
Index to Financial Statements
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F-1 |
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Report of the Independent Auditors
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F-2, F-8 |
Glossary of Defined Terms
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App-1 |
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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SAI-1 |
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Overview of Petroleum Industry
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SAI-1 |
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Overview of Crude Oil
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SAI-1 |
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Crude Oil Regulation
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SAI-4 |
PART II
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II-1 |
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Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and
Distribution
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II-1 |
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Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and
Officers
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II-1 |
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Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
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II-2 |
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Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement
Schedules
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II-3 |
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Item 17. Undertakings
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II-3 |
SIGNATURES
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II-5 |
EXHIBIT INDEX
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Until ,
2005 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all
dealers effecting transactions in the offered units, whether or
not participating in this distribution, may be required to
deliver a prospectus. This requirement is in addition to the
obligations of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as
underwriters and with respect to unsold allotments or
subscriptions.
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Prospectus Summary
This is only a summary of the prospectus and, while it
contains material information about USOF and its units, it does
not contain or summarize all of the information about USOF and
the units contained in this prospectus that is material and/or
which may be important to you. You should read this entire
prospectus, including What are the Risk Factors Involved
with an Investment in USOF? beginning on page [9],
before making an investment decision about the units.
Overview of USOF
United States Oil Fund, LP, a Delaware limited partnership
(USOF or Us or We), is a
commodity pool that will issue units that may be purchased and
sold on the American Stock Exchange. USOF changed its name from
New York Oil Fund, LP to United States Oil Fund, LP on
September 30, 2005. The investment objective of USOF is for
the units net asset value (NAV) to
reflect the performance of the spot price of West Texas
Intermediate (WTI) light, sweet crude oil delivered
to Cushing, Oklahoma (WTI light, sweet crude oil),
less USOFs expenses.
USOF will invest in futures contracts for WTI light, sweet crude
oil and other petroleum-based fuels that are traded on the New
York Mercantile Exchange or other U.S. and foreign exchanges
(collectively, Oil Futures Contracts) and other oil
interests such as cash-settled options on Oil Futures Contracts,
forward contracts for oil, and over-the-counter transactions
that are based on the price of oil, other petroleum-based fuels,
Oil Futures Contracts and indices based on the foregoing
(collectively, Other Oil Interests). The general
partner, Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC (General
Partner), which is in the process of registering as a
commodity pool operator, is authorized by the LP Agreement to
manage USOF. The General Partner is authorized by USOF in its
sole judgment to employ, establish the terms of employment for,
and terminate commodities trading advisors or futures commission
merchants.
USOF seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a
mix of Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests such that
USOFs NAV will closely track the price of a specified Oil
Futures Contract (the Benchmark Oil Futures
Contract) that the General Partner believes has
historically exhibited a close price correlation with the spot
price of WTI light, sweet crude oil. On any Valuation Day (a
Valuation Day is any day as of which USOF calculates its NAV)
that does not occur within the two week period preceding a
monthly expiration date on the New York Mercantile Exchange, the
Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the near-month futures
contract for WTI light, sweet crude oil that is traded on the
Exchange. On each Valuation Day within the two week period
preceding a monthly expiration date on the New York Mercantile
Exchange, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the second to
nearest out futures contract for WTI light, sweet crude oil that
is traded on the Exchange.
More specifically, the General Partner will endeavor to place
USOFs trades in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests and otherwise manage USOFs investments so that A
will be within plus/minus 10 percent of B, where:
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A is the average daily change in USOFs NAV for any period
of 30 successive Valuation Days, and |
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B is the average daily change in the price of the Benchmark Oil
Futures Contract over the same period. |
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The General Partner believes that market arbitrage opportunities
will cause USOFs unit price on the American Stock Exchange
to closely track USOFs NAV. The General Partner further
believes that the prices of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract
have historically closely tracked the spot prices of WTI light,
sweet crude oil. The General Partner believes that the net
effect of these two expected relationships and the relationship
described above between USOFs NAV and the Benchmark Oil
Futures Contract, will be that the price of USOFs units on
the American Stock Exchange will closely track the spot price of
a barrel of WTI light, sweet crude oil, less USOFs
expenses.
USOF will also invest in obligations of the United States
government with a remaining maturities of two years or less
(Treasuries) and hold cash and cash equivalents to
be used to meet its current or
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potential margin or collateral requirements with respect to its
investments in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests.
The performance of USOFs investments in United States
government obligations and cash and cash equivalents may not
correlate with the performance of WTI light, sweet crude oil.
This and certain other risk factors discussed in this prospectus
may cause a lack of correlation between USOFs NAV and the
price of WTI light, sweet crude oil.
The General Partner believes that market arbitrage opportunities
will cause USOFs unit price on the American Stock Exchange
to closely track USOFs NAV and that the prices of futures
contracts for light, sweet crude oil that are traded on the New
York Mercantile Exchange have historically closely tracked the
spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil. The General Partner
believes that the net effect of these expected
interrelationships will be that the price of USOFs units
on the American Stock Exchange will closely track the spot price
of a barrel of WTI light, sweet crude oil, less USOFs
expenses.
The General Partner will employ a neutral investment
strategy intended to track the spot price of WTI light,
sweet crude oil regardless of whether the price of oil goes up
or goes down. USOFs neutral investment
strategy is designed to permit investors generally to purchase
and sell USOFs units for the purpose of investing
indirectly in oil in a cost-effective manner, and/or to permit
participants in the oil or other industries to hedge the risk of
losses in their oil-related transactions. Accordingly, an
investment in USOF involves the risk that the price of
USOFs units will not accurately track the spot price of
WTI light, sweet crude oil and, depending on the investment
objective of an individual investor, the risks generally
associated with investing in oil and/or the risks involved in
hedging.
USOF will create and redeem units only in blocks called Creation
Baskets and Redemption Baskets, respectively. Only Authorized
Purchasers may purchase or redeem Creation Baskets or Redemption
Baskets. An Authorized Purchaser is under no obligation to
create or redeem baskets, and an Authorized Purchaser is under
no obligation to offer to the public units of any baskets it
does create. Authorized Purchasers that do offer to the public
units from the baskets they create will do so at a per-unit
offering price that will vary depending upon, among other
factors, the trading price of the units on the American Stock
Exchange and the NAV at the time of the offer. Units initially
comprising the same basket but offered by Authorized Purchasers
to the public at different times may have different offering
prices. Units may also be purchased and sold in smaller
increments on the American Stock Exchange. However, these
transactions will be effected at bid and ask prices established
by specialist firm(s). Like any listed security, units of USOF
can be purchased and sold at any time a secondary market is open.
In managing USOFs assets the General Partner does not
intend to use a technical trading system that issues buy and
sell orders. The General Partner does intend to employ
quantitative methodologies whereby each time one or more
Creation Baskets are purchased or sold, the General Partner will
purchase or sell Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests
with an aggregate face amount that approximates the amount of
Treasuries and cash received or paid upon the purchase or sale
of the Creation Basket(s).
Note to Secondary Market Investors: The units can be
purchased or redeemed directly from USOF only in Creation
Baskets or Redemption Baskets, respectively and only by
Authorized Purchasers. Each Creation Basket and
Redemption Basket will consist of 100,000 units and is
expected to be worth several million dollars. Individual
investors, therefore, will not be able to purchase or redeem
units directly from USOF. Some of the information contained in
this prospectus, including information about buying and selling
units directly from and to USOF is only relevant to Authorized
Purchasers. Units will also be listed and traded on the American
Stock Exchange and may be purchased and sold as individual
units. Individuals interested in purchasing units in the
secondary market should contact their broker. Units purchased or
sold through a broker may be subject to commissions.
Except when aggregated in Redemption Baskets, units will
not be redeemable securities. There is no guarantee that units
will trade at or near NAV.
USOF was organized as a limited partnership (LP) under
Delaware law on May 12, 2005. USOF is operated pursuant to
an LP Agreement, which is included as Exhibit 3.1. It is
managed and controlled by
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the General Partner, Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC. The
General Partner is in the process of registering as a
commodities pool operator (CPO) with the National Futures
Association (NFA).
The Units
The units will be registered as securities under the Securities
Act of 1933 (the 1933 Act) and will not provide
dividend rights or, conversion rights, and they will not be
sinking funds. The units may only be redeemed when aggregated in
Redemption Baskets as discussed under Creations and
Redemptions and limited partners will have voting rights
as discussed under Who is the General Partner?
Cumulative voting will neither be permitted nor required and
there will be no preemptive rights. As discussed in the LP
Agreement, upon liquidation of USOF, its assets will be
distributed to limited partners pro rata based upon the number
of units held. Each limited partner shall receive its share of
the assets in cash or in kind, and the proportion of such share
that is received in cash may vary from partner to partner, as
the General Partner in its sole discretion may decide.
This will be a continuous offering under Rule 415 of the
1933 Act and it will terminate when all of the registered units
have been sold. As discussed above, the minimum purchase
requirement for Authorized Purchasers is a Creation Basket,
which will consist of 100,000 units. Under the plan of
distribution, USOF does not require a minimum purchase amount
for investors who purchase units from Authorized Purchasers.
There are no arrangements to place funds in an escrow, trust, or
similar account.
USOFs Investments in Oil Interests
USOF will invest in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests. For convenience and unless otherwise specified, Oil
Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests collectively are
referred to as oil interests in this prospectus. A
brief description of the principal types of oil interest-related
instruments in which USOF may invest is set forth below.
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An oil futures contract is a standardized contract traded on a
futures exchange that calls for the future delivery of a
specified quantity of crude oil at a specified time and place. |
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A forward contract for oil is supply contract between
principals, not traded on an exchange, to buy or sell a
specified quantity of oil at or before a specified date at a
specified price. |
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A spot contract is a cash market transaction in which the buyer
and seller agree to the immediate purchase and sale of oil,
usually with a two-day settlement. Spot contracts are not
uniform and are not exchange- traded. |
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An option on an oil futures contract, forward contract or oil on
the spot market gives the buyer of the option the right, but not
the obligation, to buy or sell a futures contract, forward
contract or oil, as applicable, at a specified price on or
before a specified date. Options on futures contracts are
standardized contracts traded on an exchange, while options on
forward contracts and oil on the spot market, referred to
collectively in this prospectus as over-the-counter options,
generally are individually negotiated, principal-to-principal
contracts not traded on an exchange. |
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A swap contract is an over-the-counter negotiated contract that
generally involves an exchange of a stream of payments between
the contracting parties. Swap contracts generally are not
uniform and not exchange-traded. |
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USOF may also invest in other over-the-counter negotiated
contracts that satisfy its investment objectives of correlating
the units NAV to the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude
oil. A more detailed description of oil interests and other
aspects of the oil and oil interest markets can be found on
page [ ].
As noted, USOF expects to invest primarily in Oil Futures
Contracts, and particularly in futures contracts for WTI light,
sweet crude oil traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange. USOF
expressly disclaims any association with such Exchange or
endorsement of USOF by such Exchange and acknowledges that
NYMEX and New York Mercantile Exchange
are registered trademarks of such Exchange.
3
Principal Investment Risks of an Investment in USOF
An investment in USOF involves a degree of risk. Some of the
risks you may face are summarized below. A more extensive
discussion of these risks appears beginning on
page .
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Unlike mutual funds, commodity pools or other investment pools
that actively manage their investments in an attempt to realize
income and gains from their investing activities and distribute
such income and gains to their investors, USOF generally does
not expect to distribute cash to unitholders. You should not
invest in USOF if you will need cash distributions from USOF to
pay taxes on your share of income and gains of USOF, if any, or
for any other reason. |
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There is the risk that the price of USOFs units on the
American Stock Exchange will not closely track the spot price of
WTI light, sweet crude oil. This could happen if the price of
units traded on the American Stock Exchange does not correlate
closely with USOFs NAV; USOFs NAV does not closely
correlate with the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract;
or the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract does not
closely correlate with the cash or spot price of WTI light,
sweet crude oil. This is a risk because if these correlations do
not exist, then investors may not be able to use USOF as a cost
effective way to invest indirectly in oil or as a hedge against
the risk of loss in oil-related transactions. |
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USOF seeks to have its NAV track the spot price of WTI light,
sweet crude oil rather than profit from speculative trading of
oil interests. The General Partner will therefore endeavor to
manage USOFs positions in oil interests so that
USOFs assets are, unlike other commodities pools, not
leveraged (i.e., so that the aggregate value of
USOFs unrealized losses from its investments in such oil
interests at any time will not exceed the value of USOFs
assets). There is no assurance that the General Partner will
successfully implement this investment strategy. If the General
Partner permits USOF to become leveraged, you could lose all or
substantially all of your investment if USOFs trading
positions suddenly turn unprofitable. These movements in price
may be the result of factors outside of the General
Partners control and may not be anticipated by the General
Partner. |
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Investors may choose to use USOF as a means of investing
directly or indirectly in oil and there are risks involved in
such investments. Among other things, the crude oil industry
experiences numerous operating risks. These operating risks
include the risk of fire, explosions, blow-outs, pipe failure,
abnormally pressured formations and environmental hazards.
Environmental hazards include oil spills, natural gas leaks,
ruptures or discharges of toxic gases. Crude oil operations also
are subject to various U.S. federal, state and local
regulations that materially affect operations. |
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Investors, including those who participate in the oil industry,
may choose to use USOF as a vehicle to hedge against the risk of
loss and there are risks involved in hedging activities. While
hedging can provide protection against an adverse movement in
market prices, it can also preclude a hedgers opportunity
to benefit from a favorable market movement. The successful use
of a hedging device depends on the ability of the investor to
forecast correctly the direction and extent of market movements
within a given time frame. To the extent market prices remain
stable or such prices move in a direction opposite to that
anticipated, the investor may realize a loss on the hedging
transaction that is not offset by an increase in the value of
its units. |
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USOF expects to invest primarily in Oil Futures Contracts, and
particularly in Oil Futures Contracts traded on the New York
Mercantile Exchange. Representatives of the New York Mercantile
Exchange have notified USOF of its belief that USOF is engaging
in unauthorized use of such Exchanges service marks. The
Exchange has demanded that USOF cease all uses of the service
marks of the Exchange.
While USOF disputes the Exchanges positions described
above, USOF is taking steps it believes are reasonably designed
towards an amicable resolution with the New York Mercantile
Exchange. Among other things, USOF is engaged in discussions
with the New York Mercantile Exchange regarding these
assertions, including a possible licensing agreement with
respect to the use of the |
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Exchanges marks. Additionally, as noted on
page [ ] of this prospectus
USOF expressly disclaims any association with the Exchange or
endorsement of USOF by the Exchange and acknowledges that
NYMEX and New York Mercantile Exchange
are registered trademarks of such Exchange.
At this time, USOF is unable to determine what the outcome from
this matter will be. If the resolution or lack of resolution of
this matter results in a material restriction on USOFs
ability to invest in Oil Futures Contracts traded on the New
York Mercantile Exchange, USOF may not be able to achieve its
investment objective. |
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USOF expects to invest primarily in Oil Futures Contracts that
are traded in the United States. However, a portion of
USOFs trades may take place in markets and on exchanges
outside the United States. Some non-U.S. markets present
risks because they are not subject to the same degree of
regulation as their U.S. counterparts. In some of these
non-U.S. markets, the performance on a contract is the
responsibility of the counterparty and is not backed by an
exchange or clearing corporation and therefore exposes USOF to
credit risk. Trading in non-U.S. markets also leaves USOF
susceptible to fluctuations in the value of the local currency
against the U.S. dollar. |
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USOF may also invest in Other Oil Interests, many of which are
negotiated contracts that are not as liquid as Oil Futures
Contracts and expose USOF to credit risk that its counterparty
may not be able to satisfy its obligations to USOF. |
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USOF will pay fees and expenses that are incurred regardless of
whether it is profitable. |
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You will have no rights to participate in the management of USOF
and will have to rely on the duties and judgment of the General
Partner to manage USOF. |
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The structure and operation of USOF may involve conflicts of
interest. For example, a conflict may arise because the General
Partner and its principal and affiliates may trade for
themselves. In addition, the General Partner has sole current
authority to manage the investments and operations, which may
create a conflict with the unitholders best interests. In
addition, other conflicts may exit with extent to service
providers against USOF, which may take positions in or trade
units for themselves in futures or other markets that may be
detrimental to unitholders. |
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USOF is new and has no operating history. Therefore, there is no
performance history of this fund to serve as a basis for you to
evaluate an investment in it. |
For additional risks, see What are the Risk Factors
Involved with an Investment in USOF?
Principal Offices of USOF and the General Partner
USOFs principal office is located at 1320 Harbor Bay
Parkway, Suite 145 Alameda, California 94502. The telephone
number is 510.522.3336. The General Partners principal
office is also located at 1320 Harbor Bay Parkway,
Suite 145 Alameda, California 94502.
Financial Condition of USOF
USOF will not calculate the NAV prior to the effective date. As
of 4:00 pm New York time on the effective date the NAV
per unit was
$ .
Defined Terms
For a glossary of defined terms, see Appendix A.
5
Breakeven Analysis
The breakeven analysis below indicates the approximate dollar
returns and percentage required for the redemption value of a
hypothetical $61.22 initial investment in a single unit to equal
the amount invested twelve months after the investment was made.
(We based the $61.22 assumption on the spot price of
WTI light, sweet crude oil as traded on the New York
Mercantile Exchange on October 29, 2005). This breakeven
analysis refers to the redemption of baskets by Authorized
Purchasers and is not related to any gains an individual
investor would have to achieve in order to breakeven. The
breakeven analysis is an approximation only.
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Units | |
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Assumed initial selling price per unit
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$ |
61.22 |
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Management Fee (0.50%)*
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$ |
.3061 |
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Creation Basket Fee
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$ |
(.01 |
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Estimated Brokerage Fee (0.35%)**
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$ |
0.214 |
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Interest Income (3.93%)***
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$ |
(2.41 |
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Amount of trading income required for the redemption value at
the end of one year to equal the initial selling price of the
unit
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$ |
(1.8999 |
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Percentage of initial selling price per unit
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3.10 |
% |
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* |
USOF is contractually obligated to pay the General Partner a
management fee based on daily net assets and paid monthly of
0.50% per annum on average net assets of $1,000,000,000 or less.
For purposes of this example we assumed that the average net
assets are $1,000,000,000 or less. If the average net assets
were greater than $1,000,000,000 then the management fee would
be 0.20% and the break-even amount would be lower. |
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** |
USOF determined this estimate as follows. The Breakeven Analysis
assumes an initial investment by an investor in one unit. USOF
would be required to issue one Creation Basket of 100,000 units
in order for the investor to purchase the one unit. Assuming the
price of the units was $61.22, USOF would receive $6,122,000
upon the sale of the Basket. USOF would be required to purchase
and sell (in order to close out) 100 oil futures contracts at
$61,220 per contract (1,000 barrels of oil per contract ×
$61.22 per barrel) during each month of the year, or 1,200
contracts bought and sold per year. Futures commission merchants
typically charge approximately $9.00 per contract buy or sale
($18.00 per buy and sale, or round turn), so the
total annual commission charge would be $21,600 (1,200 contracts
per year × $18 per buy and sell per contract). As a
percentage of the total investment of $6,122,000 to support the
issuance of the Creation Basket, USOFs annual commission
expense would be 0.35% ($21,600 ÷ $6,122,000). |
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USOF will earn interest on Treasuries and it estimates that the
interest rate will be 3.93% based on the current interest rate
on the three-month Treasury Bills as of October 28, 2005.
The actual rate may vary because various Treasuries with
remaining maturities of two years or less may be used. |
6
The Offering
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Offering |
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USOF will be offering Creation Baskets consisting of
100,000 units through ALPS Mutual Funds Services, Inc. or
one of its SEC-registered broker-dealer affiliates
(Marketing Agent) as marketing agent to Authorized
Purchasers. The Initial Authorized Purchaser will purchase the
initial Creation Basket of 100,000 units at an initial
offering price per unit equal to the closing price of near-month
oil futures contracts for WTI light, sweet crude oil as listed
on the New York Mercantile Exchange on the first business day
prior to the effective date of the registration statement to
which this prospectus relates. The effective date will be the
date the first creation basket is sold and the proceeds are
invested. |
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Use of Proceeds |
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The General Partner will initially apply all of USOFs
assets toward trading in oil interests and cash reserves. The
General Partner expects to deposit substantially all of
USOFs net assets with the futures commission merchant or
other custodian to be used to meet its current or potential
margin or collateral requirements in connection with its
investment in oil interests. USOF will use only Treasuries or
cash to satisfy these requirements. The General Partner expects
that all entities that will hold or trade USOFs assets
will be based in the United States and will be subject to United
States regulations. The General Partner believes that 5% to 10%
of USOFs assets will normally be committed as margin for
commodity futures contracts. However, from time to time, the
percentage of assets committed as margin may be substantially
more, or less, than such range. The remaining portion of
USOFs assets will be held in Treasuries and/ or cash or
cash equivalents by its custodian, Brown Brothers
Harriman & Co. (Custodian) or posted as
collateral to support USOFs investments in oil interests.
All interest income earned on these investments will be retained
for USOFs benefit. |
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American Stock Exchange Symbol |
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USO |
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Creation and Redemption |
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Authorized Purchasers will pay a $1,000 fee for the creation of
Creation Baskets. The Authorized Purchasers will not be required
to sell any specific number or dollar amount of units. The per
unit price of units offered in subsequent Creation Baskets on
any subsequent day will be the total NAV of USOF calculated
shortly after the close of the American Stock Exchange on that
day divided by the number of issued and outstanding units. The
General Partner may, at any time, in its sole discretion,
require any unitholder to withdraw entirely from the partnership
or to withdraw a portion of his partner capital account, by
giving not less than fifteen (15) days advance
written notice to the unitholder thus designated. The unitholder
shall withdraw from the partnership or withdraw that portion of
his partner capital account specified in such notice, as the
case may be, as of the close of business on such date as
determined by the General Partner. |
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Net Asset Value |
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The NAV is calculated by taking the current market value of its
total assets and subtracting any liabilities. Under USOFs
current operational procedures, an administrator, Brown Brothers
Harriman & Co. (Administrator), calculates
the NAV of USOFs units as of the earlier of 4:00 p.m.
New York time or the close of the New York Stock Exchange
each day. The American Stock Exchange currently calculates an
approximate net asset value every 15 seconds throughout each day
USOFs units are traded on the American Stock Exchange for
as long as the New York Mercantile Exchanges main pricing
mechanism is open. |
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Fund Expenses |
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USOF will pay the General Partner a management fee of 0.50% of
NAV on the first $1,000,000,000 of assets and 0.20% of NAV after
the first $1,000,000,000 of assets. Brokerage fees for
Treasuries, Oil Futures Contracts, and Other Oil Interests are
estimated to be 0.35% and will be paid to unaffiliated brokers.
The General Partner, and not USOF, is responsible for payment of
the fees of USOFs Marketing Agent, Administrator and
Custodian. Both the USOF and the General Partner may be required
to indemnify the Marketing Agent, Administrator or Custodian
under certain circumstances. |
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Termination Events |
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USOF shall continue in effect from the date of its formation in
perpetuity, unless sooner terminated upon the occurrence of any
one or more of the following events: the death, adjudication of
incompetence, bankruptcy, dissolution, withdrawal, or removal of
a General Partner who is the sole remaining General Partner,
unless a majority in interest of limited partners within ninety
(90) days after such event elects to continue the
partnership and appoints a successor general partner; or the
affirmative vote of a majority in interest of the limited
partners subject to certain conditions. Upon termination of the
partnership, the affairs of the partnership shall be wound up
and all of its debts and liabilities discharged or otherwise
provided for in the order of priority as provided by law. The
fair market value of the remaining assets of the partnership
shall then be determined by the General Partner. Thereupon, the
assets of the partnership shall be distributed to the partners
in accordance pro rata in accordance with their units. |
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Authorized Purchasers |
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We expect the Initial Authorized Purchaser to be [insert name
of authorized purchaser]. We expect subsequent Authorized
Purchasers to be market makers that purchase or redeem Creation
Baskets or Redemption Baskets, respectively, from or to
USOF. |
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Clearance and Settlement |
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The units will be issued only in certificated form. The
Administrator has been appointed registrar and transfer agent
for the purpose of registering and transferring the units. The
General Partner will only recognize transfers of units evidenced
by a certificate only if such transfer is done in accordance
with the LP Agreement. Transactions in units that have been
deposited with DTC by the registered owner will clear through
the facilities of DTC. Investors may hold their units through
DTC, if they are DTC Participants or indirectly, through
entities that are DTC Participants. |
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8
What Are the Risk Factors Involved with an Investment in
USOF?
You should consider carefully the risks described below
before making an investment decision. You should also refer to
the other information included in this prospectus, including
USOFs financial statements and the related notes.
Risks Associated With Investing Directly or Indirectly in
Oil
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Investing in oil interests subjects USOF to the risks of
the crude oil industry and this could result in large
fluctuations in the price of USOFs units. |
USOF is subject to the risks and hazards of the oil industry
because it invests in oil interests. The risks and hazards that
are inherent in the oil industry may cause the price of oil to
widely fluctuate. If USOFs units accurately track the WTI
spot price of light, sweet crude oil, then the price of its
units may also fluctuate.
The risks of crude oil drilling and production activities
include the following:
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that no commercially productive crude oil or natural gas
reservoirs will be found; |
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that crude oil and natural gas drilling and production
activities may be shortened, delayed or canceled; |
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that the ability to of an oil producer to develop, produce and
market reserves may be limited by: |
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title problems, |
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political conflicts, including war |
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weather conditions, |
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compliance with governmental requirements, |
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refinery capacity, and |
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mechanical difficulties or shortages or delays in the delivery
of drilling rigs and other equipment; |
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decisions of the cartel of oil producing countries
(e.g.,OPEC, the oil producing exporting countries), to
produce more or less oil; |
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increases in oil production due to price rises that may make it
more economical to extract oil from additional sources and may
later temper further oil price increases; |
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economic activity of users, as certain economies oil
consumption increases (e.g., China, India) and as
economies contract (in a recession or depression), oil demand
and prices fall. |
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The crude oil industry experiences numerous operating risks.
These operating risks include the risk of fire, explosions,
blow-outs, pipe failure, abnormally pressured formations and
environmental hazards. Environmental hazards include oil spills,
natural gas leaks, ruptures or discharges of toxic gases.
Crude oil operations also are subject to various
U.S. federal, state and local regulations that materially
affect operations. Matters regulated include discharge permits
for drilling operations, drilling and abandonment bonds, reports
concerning operations, the spacing of wells and pooling of
properties and taxation. At various times, regulatory agencies
have imposed price controls and limitations on production. In
order to conserve supplies of crude oil and natural gas, these
agencies have restricted the rates of flow of crude oil and
natural gas wells below actual production capacity. Federal,
state, and local laws regulate production, handling, storage,
transportation and disposal of crude oil and natural gas,
by-products from crude oil and natural gas and other substances
and materials produced or used in connection with crude oil and
natural gas operations.
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The price of USOFs units may be influenced by
factors such as the short-term supply and demand for oil and the
short-term supply and demand for USOFs unit. This may
cause the units to trade at a price that is, above or below
USOFs NAV per unit. Accordingly, the price of units may
substantially vary from the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude
oil. If this variation occurs, then you may not be able to
effectively use USOF as a way to hedge against oil-related
losses or as a way to indirectly invest in oil. |
While it is expected that the trading prices of units will
fluctuate in accordance with changes in USOFs NAV, the
prices of units may also be influenced by other factors,
including the short-term supply and demand for oil and the
units. There is no guarantee that the units will not trade at
appreciable discounts from, and/or premiums to, USOFs NAV.
This could cause the price of units to substantially vary from
the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil. This may be
harmful to you because if the price of units varies
substantially from the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil,
then you may not be able to effectively use USOF as a way to
hedge the risk of losses in your oil-related transactions or as
a way to indirectly invest in oil.
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USOFs NAV may not correlate with the price of the
Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. If this were to occur, you may
not be able to effectively use USOF as a way to hedge against
oil-related losses or as a way to indirectly invest
in oil. |
The General Partner will endeavor to invest USOFs assets
as fully as possible in short-term Oil Futures Contracts and
Other Oil Interests so that the NAV will closely correlate with
the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. However,
USOFs NAV may not correlate with the price of the
Benchmark Oil Futures Contract for several reasons as set forth
below:
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USOF (i) may not be able to buy/sell the exact amount of
Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests to have a perfect
correlation with NAV, (ii) may not always be able to buy
and sell Oil Futures Contracts or Other Oil Interests at the
market price (iii) may not find a perfect correlation
between the spot price of WTI light sweet crude oil and the
underlying investments in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests and Treasuries; (iv) has to pay brokerage fees
and the management fee, which will have an effect on the
correlation. |
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The short-term supply and demand for WTI light, sweet crude oil
may cause the market price to vary from the NAV. |
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USOF plans to only buy as many Oil Futures Contracts and Other
Oil Interests that it can to get the NAV as close as possible to
the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The remainder
of its assets will be invested in cash and Treasuries and will
be used to satisfy initial margin and additional margin
requirements, if any, and to otherwise support its investments
in oil interests. Investments in Treasuries and cash
equivalents, both directly and as margin, will provide rates of
return that will vary from changes in the value of the spot
price of WTI light, sweet crude oil. |
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In addition, because USOF will incur certain expenses in
connection with its investment activities, hold most of its
assets in more liquid short-term securities for margin and other
liquidity purposes and for redemptions that may be necessary on
an ongoing basis, the General Partner will not be able to fully
invest USOFs assets in Oil Futures Contracts or Other Oil
Interests and there cannot be perfect correlation between
USOFs NAV and the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures
Contract. |
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As USOF grows, there may be more or less correlation. For
example, if USOF only has enough money to buy three contracts
and it needs to buy four contracts to track the price of oil
then the correlation will be lower, but if it buys
20,000 contracts and it needs to buy 20,001 contracts
then the correlation will be higher. |
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If USOFs NAV does not correlate with the price of the
Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, then investing in USOF may not
be an effective way to hedge against oil-related losses or
indirectly invest in oil.
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The Benchmark Oil Futures Contract may not correlate with
the spot price of WTI light, sweet, crude oil and this could
cause the price of units to substantially vary from the spot
price of WTI light, sweet crude oil. If this were to occur, then
you may not be able to effectively use USOF as a way to hedge
against oil-related losses or as a way to indirectly invest
in oil. |
When using the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract as a strategy to
track the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil, at best the
correlation between changes in prices of such oil interests and
the spot price can be only approximate. The degree of
imperfection of correlation depends upon circumstances such as
variations in the speculative oil market, supply of and demand
for such oil interests and technical influences in oil futures
trading. If there is a weak correlation between the oil
interests and the spot price of WTI light, sweet, crude oil,
then the price of units may not accurately track the spot price
of WTI light, sweet crude oil and you may not be able to
effectively use USOF as a way to hedge the risk of losses in
your oil-related transactions or as a way to indirectly invest
in oil.
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USOF may experience a loss if it is required to sell
Treasuries at a price lower than the price at which they were
acquired. |
The value of Treasuries generally moves inversely with movements
in interest rates. If USOF is required to sell Treasuries at a
price lower than the price at which they were acquired, USOF
will experience a loss. This loss may adversely impact the price
of the units and may decrease the correlation between the price
of the units, the price of USOFs Oil Futures Contracts and
Other Oil Interests, and the spot price of WTI light, sweet
crude oil.
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Certain of USOFs investments could be illiquid which
could cause large losses to investors at any time or from time
to time. |
USOF may not always be able to liquidate its positions in its
investments at the desired price. It is difficult to execute a
trade at a specific price when there is a relatively small
volume of buy and sell orders in a market. A market disruption,
such as a foreign government taking political actions that
disrupt the market in its currency, its oil production or
exports, or in another major export, can also make it difficult
to liquidate a position. Alternatively, limits imposed by
futures exchanges or other regulatory organizations, such as
speculative position limits and daily price fluctuation limits,
may contribute to a lack of liquidity with respect to some
commodity interests.
Unexpected market illiquidity may cause major losses to
investors at any time or from time to time. In addition, USOF
does not intend at this time to establish a credit facility,
which would provide an additional source of liquidity and
instead will rely only on the Treasuries and cash that it holds.
The large value of the positions in certain investments, e.g.,
Oil Futures Contracts, or in negotiated over-the-counter
contracts that the General Partner will acquire or enter into
for USOF, increases the risk of illiquidity. Such positions may
be more difficult to liquidate at favorable prices and there is
an additional risk that losses may be incurred during the period
in which positions are being liquidated. The Other Oil Interests
that USOF invests in may have a greater likelihood of being
illiquid since they are contracts between two parties that take
into account not only market risk, but also the relative credit,
tax, and settlement risks under such contracts. In addition,
such contracts have limited transferability that results from
such risks and the contracts express limitations. USOF
anticipates that it will invest in Other Oil Interests as a
result of hitting the speculative position limits on the New
York Mercantile Exchange.
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If the nature of hedgers and speculators in futures
markets has shifted such that oil purchasers are the predominate
hedgers in the market, USOF might have to reinvest at higher
futures prices or choose Other Oil Interests. |
The changing nature of the hedgers and speculators in the oil
market will influence whether futures prices are above or below
the expected future spot price. In order to induce speculators
to take the corresponding long side of the same futures
contract, oil producers must generally be willing to sell
futures contracts at prices that are below expected future spot
prices. Conversely, if the predominate hedgers in
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the futures market are the purchasers of the oil who purchase
futures contracts to hedge against a rise in prices, then
speculators will only take the short side of the futures
contract if the futures price is greater than the expected
future spot price of oil. This can have significant implications
for USOF when it is time to reinvest the proceeds from a
maturing futures contract into a new futures contract.
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While USOF does not intend to take physical delivery of
oil under Oil Futures Contracts, physical delivery under such
contracts impacts the value of the contracts. |
While it is not the current intention of USOF to take physical
delivery of oil under its Oil Futures Contracts, futures
contracts are not required to be cash-settled and it is possible
for USOF to take delivery under these contracts. Storage costs
associated with purchasing oil could result in costs and other
liabilities that could impact the value of Oil Futures Contracts
or Other Oil Interests. Storage costs include the time value of
money invested in oil as a physical commodity plus the actual
costs of storing the oil less any benefits from ownership of oil
that are not obtained by the holder of a futures contract. In
general, Oil Futures Contracts have a one-month delay for
contract delivery and the back month includes storage costs. To
the extent that these storage costs change for oil while USOF
holds Oil Futures Contracts or Other Oil Interests, the value of
the Oil Futures Contracts or Other Oil Interests, and therefore
USOFs NAV, may change as well.
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Regulation of the commodity interests and energy markets
is extensive and constantly changing; future regulatory
developments are impossible to predict but may significantly and
adversely affect USOF. |
The regulation of commodity interest transactions in the United
States is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to
ongoing modification by government and judicial action. In
addition, various national governments have expressed concern
regarding the disruptive effects of speculative trading in the
energy markets and the need to regulate the derivatives markets
in general. The effect of any future regulatory change on USOF
is impossible to predict, but could be substantial and adverse.
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If you are investing in USOF for purposes of hedging, you
might be subject to several risks including the possibility of
losing the benefit of favorable market movement. |
While USOF will not engage in hedging strategies, participants
in the oil or other industries may use USOF as a vehicle to
hedge the risk of losses in their oil-related transactions.
There are several risks in connection with using USOF as a
hedging device. While hedging can provide protection against an
adverse movement in market prices, it can also preclude a
hedgers opportunity to benefit from a favorable market
movement. The successful use of a hedging device depends on the
ability of the investor to forecast correctly the direction and
extent of market movements within a given time frame. To the
extent market prices remain stable or such prices move in a
direction opposite to that anticipated, the investor may realize
a loss on the hedging transaction that is not offset by an
increase in the value of the underlying item being hedged
(e.g., oil products held, or a decrease in cost, e.g.,
a decrease in the price of WTI oil or energy products).
In addition, when using futures contracts as a hedging
technique, at best, the correlation between changes in prices of
futures contracts and of the items being hedged can be only
approximate. The degree of imperfection of correlation depends
upon circumstances such as: variations in speculative markets,
demand for futures and for oil products, technical influences in
futures trading, and differences between anticipated energy
costs being hedged and the instruments underlying the standard
futures contracts available for trading. Even a well-conceived
hedge may be unsuccessful to some degree because of unexpected
market behavior as well as the expenses associated with creating
the hedge.
In addition, using an investment in USOF as a hedge for changes
in energy costs (e.g., investing in oil, gasoline, or
other fuels, or electricity) may not correlate because changes
in the spot price of oil may vary from changes in energy costs
because the spot price of oil does not reflect the refining,
transportation, and other costs that may impact the
hedgers energy costs.
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An investment in USOF may provide you little or no
diversification benefits. Thus, in a declining market, USOF may
have no gains to offset your losses from other investments, and
you may suffer losses on your investment in USOF at the same
time you incur losses with respect to other asset
classes. |
Historically, Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests have
generally been non-correlated to the performance of other asset
classes such as stocks and bonds. Non-correlation means that
there is a low statistically valid relationship between the
performance of futures and other commodity interest
transactions, on the one hand, and stocks or bonds, on the other
hand. However, there can be no assurance that such
non-correlation will continue during future periods. If,
contrary to historic patterns, USOFs performance were to
move in the same general direction as the financial markets, you
will obtain little or no diversification benefits from an
investment in the units. In such a case, USOF may have no gains
to offset your losses from other investments, and you may suffer
losses on your investment in USOF at the same time you incur
losses with respect to other asset classes.
Variables such as drought, floods, weather, embargoes, tariffs
and other political events may have a larger impact on oil
prices and oil-linked instruments, including Oil Futures
Contracts and Other Oil Interests, than on traditional
securities. These additional variables may create additional
investment risks that subject USOFs investments to greater
volatility than investments in traditional securities.
Non-correlation should not be confused with negative
correlation, where the performance of two asset classes would be
opposite of each other. There is no historic evidence that the
spot price of oil and prices of other financial assets, such as
stocks and bonds, are negatively correlated. In the absence of
negative correlation, USOF cannot be expected to be
automatically profitable during unfavorable periods for the
stock market, or vice versa.
USOFs Operating Risks
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USOF is not a regulated investment company so you do not
have the protections of the Investment Company Act
of 1940. |
USOF is not an investment company subject to the Investment
Company Act of 1940. Accordingly, you do not have the
protections afforded by that statute which, for example,
requires investment companies to have a majority of
disinterested directors and regulates the relationship between
the investment company and its investment manager.
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USOF has no operating history so there is no performance
history to serve as a basis for you to evaluate an investment
in USOF. |
USOF is new and has no operating history. Therefore, you do not
have the benefit of reviewing the past performance of USOF as a
basis for you to evaluate an investment in USOF.
Mr. Nicholas Gerber (discussed below) is the only principal
that has any experience operating a commodity pool.
Mr. Gerber ran the Marc Stevens Futures Index Fund (further
discussed below) over 10 years ago. This fund combined
investments in commodity futures and equity stock index futures
and had under $1 million of assets. Mr. Gerber sold
the fund to New Port Commodities.
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USOF and the General Partner are leanly staffed and rely
heavily on key personnel to manage its trading
activities. |
In managing and directing the day-to-day activities and affairs
of USOF, the General Partner relies heavily on Mr. Nicholas
Gerber, Mr. John Love and Mr. John Hyland (all
discussed in greater detail below). If Mr. Gerber,
Mr. Love, or Mr. Hyland were to leave or be unable to
carry out their present responsibilities, it may have an adverse
effect on the management of USOF. Furthermore, Mr. Gerber
and Mr. Love are also employed by Ameristock, a registered
investment adviser that manages a public mutual fund. USOF
estimates that Mr. Gerber will spend approximately 50% of
his time on USOF matters and the other principals will spend
approximately 30% of their time on USOF matters.
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There are position limits and the potential of tracking
error, which could cause the price of units to substantially
vary from the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil and you
may not be able to effectively use USOF as a way to hedge
against oil-related losses or as a way to indirectly invest
in oil. |
Exchanges may have position limits. For example, the New York
Mercantile Exchange will only allow any one investor to own a
net 20,000 contracts for a particular type of futures
contract for all months. In addition, the New York Mercantile
Exchange will only allow only 1,300 contracts to be held in
the Near Month 3 days before expiration by any one
investor. These limits could potentially cause a Tracking Error
if USOFs assets grow to a level that would cause it to
meet these limits. On September 29, 2005, the price of the
November Near Month Oil Futures Contract traded on the New York
Mercantile Exchange was $66.79. Assets may grow to a level
that would cause it to meet these limits.
USOF is not limiting the size of the offering and is committed
to utilizing substantially all of its proceeds to purchase Oil
Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests. If USOF encounters
position limits for oil contracts on the New York Mercantile
Exchange, then it will purchase futures contracts on the ICE
Futures (formerly, the International Petroleum Exchange) or the
Singapore Exchange. The futures contracts available on the ICE
Futures or the Singapore Exchange are comparable to the
contracts on the New York Mercantile Exchange, but they have
different underlying commodities, sizes, deliveries, and prices.
However, trading on these other exchanges will not harm
USOFs ability to track the spot price of WTI light, sweet
crude oil because it will engage in over-the-counter swaps to
mitigate the differences.
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There are technical and fundamental risks inherent in the
trading system the General Partner intends
to employ. |
The General Partners trading system is quantitative in
nature and it is possible that the General Partner might make a
mathematical error. In addition, it is also possible that a
computer or software program may malfunction and cause an error
in computation.
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USOF and the General Partner may have conflicts of
interest, which may permit them to favor their own interests to
your detriment. |
USOF and the General Partner may have inherent conflicts to the
extent the General Partner attempts to maintain USOFs
asset size in order to preserve its fee income may not always be
consistent with its objective of tracking the spot price of WTI
light, sweet crude oil. The General Partners officers,
directors and employees, and the staff of USOF, do not devote
their time exclusively to USOF. These persons are directors,
officers or employees of other entities that may compete with
USOF for their services. They could have a conflict between
their responsibilities to USOF and to those other entities.
In addition, the staff of USOF or the General Partners
principals, officers, directors or employees may trade futures
and related contracts for their own account. A conflict of
interest may exist if their trades are in the same markets and
at the same time as USOF trades using the clearing broker to be
used by USOF. A potential conflict also may occur if the staff
of USOF or the General Partners principals, officers,
directors or employees trade their accounts more aggressively or
take positions in their accounts which are opposite, or ahead
of, the positions taken by USOF.
The General Partner has sole current authority to manage the
investments and operations of USOF, and may act to create a
conflict with your best interests. Such lack of voting control
will limit your ability to influence matters such as amendment
of the LP Agreement, change in USOFs basic investment
policy, dissolution of this fund, or the sale or distribution of
USOFs assets.
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You will not participate in the management of USOF and you
do not control the General Partner so you will not have
influence over basic matters that affect USOF. |
You will have limited voting rights with respect to USOFs
affairs and may remove the General Partner only if two-thirds if
the unitholders elect to do so. You will not be permitted to
participate in the
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management or control of USOF or the conduct of its business.
You must therefore rely upon the duties and judgment of the
General Partner to manage USOFs affairs.
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The General Partner may manage a large amount of assets
and this could affect USOFs ability to trade
profitably. |
Increases in assets under management may affect trading
decisions. In general, the General Partner does not intend to
limit the amount of assets of USOF that it may manage. The more
assets the General Partner manages, the more difficult it may be
for it to trade profitably because of the difficulty of trading
larger positions without adversely affecting prices and
performance and of managing risk associated with larger
positions.
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USOF could terminate at any time and cause the liquidation
and potential loss of your investment and could upset the
overall maturity and timing of your investment portfolio. |
The General Partner may in its sole discretion, terminate USOF
at any time, regardless of whether USOF has incurred losses,
without giving you prior notice. In particular, unforeseen
circumstances, including substantial losses, withdrawal of
USOFs General Partner or suspension or revocation of the
General Partners registrations with the CFTC or
memberships in the NFA could cause USOF to terminate. However,
no level of losses will require the General Partner to terminate
USOF. USOFs termination would cause the liquidation and
potential loss of your investment. Termination could also
negatively affect the overall maturity and timing of your
investment portfolio.
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You may not have limited liability in certain
circumstances, including potentially having liability for the
return of wrongful distributions. |
In some states, the limitations on the liability of limited
partners for the obligations of a limited partnership have not
been clearly established. To the extent we conduct business in
one of those states, a unitholder might be held liable for our
obligations as if it was a General Partner if:
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a court or government agency determined that we had not complied
with that states partnership statute; or |
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our unitholders rights to act together to remove or
replace our General Partner or take other actions under our LP
Agreement were to constitute control of our business
under that states partnership statute. |
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A unitholder will not be liable for assessments in addition to
its initial capital investment in any of our capital securities
representing limited partnership interests. However, a
unitholder may be required to repay to us any amounts wrongfully
returned or distributed to it under some circumstances. Under
Delaware law, we may not make a distribution to unitholders if
the distribution causes our liabilities (other than liabilities
to partners on account of their partnership interests and
nonrecourse liabilities) to exceed the fair value of our assets.
Delaware law provides that a limited partner who receives such a
distribution and knew at the time of the distribution that the
distribution violated the law will be liable to the limited
partnership for the amount of the distribution for three years
from the date of the distribution.
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USOFs existing units are, and any units USOF issues
in the future will be, subject to restrictions on
transfer. |
Investors may only transfer their units to purchasers that meet
certain conditions outlined in the LP Agreement.
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USOF does not expect to make cash distributions. |
The General Partner intends to re-invest any realized gains in
additional oil interests rather than distributing cash to
unitholders. Therefore, unlike mutual funds, commodity pools or
other investment pools that actively manage their investments in
an attempt to realize income and gains from their investing
15
activities and distribute such income and gains to their
investors, USOF generally does not expect to distribute cash to
unitholders. You should not invest in USOF if you will need cash
distributions from USOF to pay taxes on your share of income and
gains of USOF, if any, or for any other reason.
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There is a risk that USOF will not earn trading gains
sufficient to compensate for the fees and expenses that it must
pay and as such USOF may not earn any profit. |
USOF pays brokerage charges of approximately 0.35%, management
fees of 0.50% of NAV on the first $1,000,000,000 of assets and
0.20% of NAV after the first $1,000,000,000 of assets, and
over-the-counter spreads and extraordinary expenses (i.e.
expenses not in the ordinary course of business, including the
indemnification of any person against liabilities and
obligations to the extent permitted by law and required under
the LP Agreement and under agreements entered into by the
General Partner on USOFs behalf and the bringing and
defending of actions at law or in equity and otherwise engaging
in the conduct of litigation and the incurring of legal expenses
and the settlement of claims and litigation) that can not be
quantified. These fees and expenses must be paid in all cases
regardless of whether USOFs activities are profitable.
Accordingly, USOF must earn trading gains sufficient to
compensate for these fees and expenses before it can earn any
profit.
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USOF, to date, has depended upon its affiliates to pay all
its expenses. If this offering of units does not raise
sufficient funds to pay USOFs future expenses, its
affiliates no longer pay such expenses and no other source of
funding of expenses is found, USOF will terminate and investors
may lose all or part of their investment. |
To date, all of USOFs and the General Partners
expenses have been funded by their affiliates. These affiliates
are under no obligation to continue payment of USOFs or
the General Partners expenses. If such affiliates were to
discontinue the payment of these expenses and the General
Partner and USOF are unsuccessful in raising sufficient funds to
cover its expenses or in locating any other source of funding,
USOF will terminate and investors may lose all or part of their
investment.
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USOF may incur higher fees and expenses upon renewing
existing or entering into new contractual relationships. |
The clearing arrangements between the clearing brokers and USOF
generally are terminable by the clearing brokers once the
clearing broker has given USOF notice. Upon termination, the
General Partner may be required to renegotiate or make other
arrangements for obtaining similar services if USOF intends to
continue trading in Oil Futures Contracts or Other Oil Interest
contracts at its present level of capacity. The services of any
clearing broker may not be available, or even if available,
these services may not be available on the terms as favorable as
those of the expired or terminated clearing arrangements.
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USOF may miss certain trading opportunities because it
will not receive the benefit of the expertise of trading
advisors. |
USOF does not employ trading advisors; however, it reserves the
right to employ them in the future. The only advisor to USOF is
the General Partner. A lack of trading advisors may be
disadvantageous to USOF because it will not receive the benefit
of the trading advisors expertise.
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An unanticipated number of redemption requests during a
short period of time could have an adverse effect on the NAV of
USOF. |
If a substantial number of requests for redemption of Redemption
Baskets are received by USOF during a relatively short period of
time, USOF may not be able to satisfy the requests from
USOFs assets not committed to trading. As a consequence,
it could be necessary to liquidate positions in USOFs
trading positions before the time that the trading strategies
would otherwise dictate liquidation.
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The failure or bankruptcy of a clearing broker could
result in a substantial loss of USOFs assets. |
Under CFTC regulations, a clearing broker maintains
customers assets in a bulk segregated account. If a
clearing broker fails to do so, or is unable to satisfy a
substantial deficit in a customer account, its other customers
may be subject to risk of loss of their funds in the event of
that clearing brokers bankruptcy. In that event, the
clearing brokers customers, such as USOF, are entitled to
recover, even in respect of property specifically traceable to
them, only a proportional share of all property available for
distribution to all of that clearing brokers customers.
USOF also may be subject to the risk of the failure of, or delay
in performance by, any exchanges and markets and their clearing
organizations, if any, on which commodity interest contracts are
traded.
From time to time, the clearing brokers may be subject to legal
or regulatory proceedings in the ordinary course of their
business. A clearing brokers involvement in costly or
time-consuming legal proceedings may divert financial resources
or personnel away from the clearing brokers trading
operations, which could impair the clearing brokers
ability to successfully execute and clear USOFs trades.
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Third parties may infringe or otherwise violate
intellectual property rights or assert that the General Partner
has infringed or otherwise violated their intellectual property
rights, which may result in significant costs and diverted
attention. |
Third parties may utilize USOFs intellectual property or
technology, including the use of its business methods,
trademarks and trading program software, without permission.
USOF has a patent pending for its business method and it is
registering its trademarks. USOF does not currently have any
proprietary software. However, if it obtains proprietary
software in the future, then any unauthorized use of USOFs
proprietary software and other technology could also adversely
affect its competitive advantage. USOF may have difficulty
monitoring unauthorized uses of its patents, trademarks,
proprietary software and other technology. Also, third parties
may independently develop business methods, trademarks or
proprietary software and other technology similar to that of the
General Partner or claim that the General Partner has violated
their intellectual property rights, including their copyrights,
trademark rights, trade names, trade secrets and patent rights.
As a result, the General Partner may have to litigate in the
future to protect its trade secrets, determine the validity and
scope of other parties proprietary rights, defend itself
against claims that it has infringed or otherwise violated other
parties rights, or defend itself against claims that its
rights are invalid. Any litigation of this type, even if the
General Partner is successful and regardless of the merits, may
result in significant costs, divert its resources from USOF, or
require it to change its proprietary software and other
technology or enter into royalty or licensing agreements.
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The success of USOF depends on the ability of the General
Partner to accurately implement trading systems, and any failure
to do so could subject USOF to losses on such
transactions. |
The General Partner uses mathematical formulas built into an
EXCEL spreadsheet to decide whether it should buy or sell oil
interests each day. Specifically, the General Partner uses the
spreadsheet to make mathematical calculations and to monitor
positions in oil interests and Treasuries and correlations to
the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil. The General
Partner must accurately process the spreadsheets outputs
and execute the transactions called for by the formulas. In
addition, USOF relies on the General Partner to properly operate
and maintain its computer and communications systems. Execution
of the formulas and operation of the systems are subject to
human error. Any failure, inaccuracy or delay in implementing
any of the formulas or systems and executing USOFs
transactions could impair its ability to achieve USOFs
investment objective. It could also result in decisions to
undertake transactions based on inaccurate or incomplete
information. This could cause substantial losses on transactions.
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USOF may experience substantial losses on transactions if
the computers or communications systems fail. |
USOFs trading activities, including its risk management,
depends on the integrity and performance of the computer and
communications systems supporting it. Extraordinary transaction
volume, hardware or
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software failure, power or telecommunications failure, a natural
disaster or other catastrophe could cause the computer systems
to operate at an unacceptably slow speed or even fail. Any
significant degradation or failure of the systems that the
General Partner uses to gather and analyze information, enter
orders, process data, monitor risk levels and otherwise engage
in trading activities may result in substantial losses on
transactions, liability to other parties, lost profit
opportunities, damages to the General Partners and
USOFs reputations, increased operational expenses and
diversion of technical resources.
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If the computer and communications system are not
upgraded, USOFs financial condition could be
harmed. |
The development of complex communications and new technologies
may render the existing computer and communication systems
supporting USOFs trading activities obsolete. In addition,
these computer and communications systems must be compatible
with those of third parties, such as the systems of exchanges,
clearing brokers and the executing brokers. As a result, if
these third parties upgrade their systems, the General Partner
will need to make corresponding upgrades to continue effectively
trading its activities. USOFs future success will depend
on USOFs ability to respond to changing technologies on a
timely and cost-effective basis.
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USOF depends on the reliable performance of the computer
and communications systems of third parties, such as brokers and
futures exchanges, and may experience substantial losses on
transactions if they fail. |
USOF depends on the proper and timely function of complex
computer and communications systems maintained and operated by
the futures exchanges, brokers and other data providers that the
General Partner uses to conduct trading activities. Failure or
inadequate performance of any of these systems could adversely
affect the General Partners ability to complete
transactions, including its ability to close out positions, and
result in lost profit opportunities and significant losses on
commodity interest transactions. This could have a material
adverse effect on revenues and materially reduce USOFs
available capital. For example, unavailability of price
quotations from third parties may make it difficult or
impossible for the General Partner to use its proprietary
software that it relies upon to conduct its trading activities.
Unavailability of records from brokerage firms may make it
difficult or impossible for the General Partner to accurately
determine which transactions have been executed or the details,
including price and time, of any transaction executed. This
unavailability of information also may make it difficult or
impossible for the General Partner to reconcile its records of
transactions with those of another party or to accomplish
settlement of executed transactions.
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The occurrence of a terrorist attack, or the outbreak,
continuation or expansion of war or other hostilities could
disrupt USOFs trading activity and materially affect
USOFs profitability. |
The operations of USOF, the exchanges, brokers and
counterparties with which USOF does business, and the markets in
which USOF does business could be severely disrupted in the
event of a major terrorist attack or the outbreak, continuation
or expansion of war or other hostilities. The terrorist attacks
of September 11, 2001 and the war in Iraq, global
anti-terrorism initiatives and political unrest in the Middle
East and Southeast Asia continue to fuel this concern.
Risk of Leverage and Volatility
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If the General Partner permits USOF to become leveraged,
you could lose all or substantially all of your investment if
USOFs trading positions suddenly turn unprofitable. |
Commodity pools trading positions in futures contracts or
other commodity interests are typically required to be secured
by the deposit of margin funds that represent only a small
percentage of a futures contracts (or other commodity
interests) entire face value. This feature permits
commodity pools to leverage their assets by
purchasing or selling futures contracts (or other commodity
interests) with an aggregate value in excess of the commodity
pools assets. While this leverage can increase the
pools
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profits, relatively small adverse movements in the price of the
pools futures contracts can cause significant losses to
the pool. While the General Partner does not currently intend to
leverage USOFs assets, it is not prohibited from doing so
under the LP Agreement or otherwise.
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The price of oil is volatile which could cause large
fluctuations in the price of units. |
Movements in the price of oil may be the result of factors
outside of the General Partners control and may not be
anticipated by the General Partner. For example, price movements
for barrels of oil are influenced by, among other things:
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changes in interest rates; |
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actions by oil producing countries such as the OPEC countries; |
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governmental, agricultural, trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange
control programs and policies; |
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weather and climate conditions; |
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changing supply and demand relationships, including but not
limited to increased demand by other countries such as China; |
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changes in balances of payments and trade; |
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U.S. and international rates of inflation; |
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currency devaluations and revaluations; |
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U.S. and international political and economic events; and |
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changes in philosophies and emotions of market participants. |
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Counterparty Risk
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Over-the-counter transactions are subject to little, if
any, regulation. |
A portion of USOFs assets may be used to trade
over-the-counter oil interest contracts, such as forward
contracts or swap or spot contracts. Over-the-counter contracts
are typically traded on a principal-to-principal basis through
dealer markets that are dominated by major money center and
investment banks and other institutions and are essentially
unregulated by the CFTC. You therefore do not receive the
protection of CFTC regulation or the statutory scheme of the
Commodity Exchange Act in connection with this trading activity
by USOF. The markets for over-the-counter contracts rely upon
the integrity of market participants in lieu of the additional
regulation imposed by the CFTC on participants in the futures
markets. The lack of regulation in these markets could expose
USOF in certain circumstances to significant losses in the event
of trading abuses or financial failure by participants.
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USOF will be subject to credit risk with respect to
counterparties to over-the-counter contracts entered into by
USOF or held by special purpose or structured vehicles. |
USOF also faces the risk of non-performance by the
counterparties to the over-the-counter contracts. Unlike in
futures contracts, the counterparty to these contracts is
generally a single bank or other financial institution, rather
than a clearing organization backed by a group of financial
institutions. As a result, there will be greater counterparty
credit risk in these transactions. A counterparty may not be
able to meet its obligations to USOF, in which case USOF could
suffer significant losses on these contracts.
If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform
its obligations due to financial difficulties, USOF may
experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery in a
bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. USOF may obtain
only limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such
circumstances.
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USOF may be subject to liquidity risk with respect to its
over-the-counter contracts. |
Over-the-counter contracts may have terms that make them less
marketable than Oil Futures Contracts. In general, they are not
transferable without the consent of the counterparty. These
conditions diminish the value of such contracts.
Risk of Trading in International Markets
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Trading in international markets would expose USOF to
credit and regulatory risk. |
The General Partner expects to invest primarily in Oil Futures
Contracts and particularly in Oil Futures Contracts that are
traded in the United States on the New York Mercantile Exchange.
However, a portion of USOFs trades may take place on
markets and exchanges outside the United States. Some
non-U.S. markets present risks because they are not subject
to the same degree of regulation as their
U.S. counterparts. None of the CFTC, National Futures
Association (NFA), or any domestic exchange
regulates activities of any foreign boards of trade or
exchanges, including the execution, delivery and clearing of
transactions, nor has the power to compel enforcement of the
rules of a foreign board of trade or exchange or of any
applicable non-U.S. laws. Similarly, the rights of market
participants, such as USOF, in the event of the insolvency or
bankruptcy of a non-U.S. market or broker are also likely
to be more limited than in the case of U.S. markets or
brokers. As a result, in these markets, USOF has less legal and
regulatory protection than it does when it trades domestically.
In some of these non-U.S. markets, the performance on a
contract is the responsibility of the counterparty and is not
backed by an exchange or clearing corporation and therefore
exposes USOF to credit risk. Trading in non-U.S. markets
also leaves USOF susceptible to swings in the value of the local
currency against the U.S. dollar. Additionally, trading on
non-U.S. exchanges is subject to the risks presented by
exchange controls, expropriation, increased tax burdens and
exposure to local economic declines and political instability.
An adverse development with respect to any of these variables
could reduce the profit or increase the loss earned on trades in
the affected international markets.
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International trading activities subject USOF to foreign
exchange risk. |
The price of any non-U.S. futures, options on futures or
other commodity interest contract and, therefore, the potential
profit and loss on such contract, may be affected by any
variance in the foreign exchange rate between the time the order
is placed and the time it is liquidated, offset or exercised. As
a result, changes in the value of the local currency relative to
the U.S. dollar may cause losses to USOF even if the
contract traded is profitable.
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USOFs international trading would expose it to
losses resulting from non-U.S. exchanges that are less
developed or less reliable than United States exchanges. |
Some non-U.S. exchanges also may be in a more developmental
stage so that prior price histories may not be indicative of
current price dynamics. In addition, USOF may not have the same
access to certain positions on foreign trading exchanges as do
local traders, and the historical market data on which General
Partner bases its strategies may not be as reliable or
accessible as it is in the United States.
Tax Risk
Please refer to U.S. Federal Income Tax
Considerations for information regarding the
U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase,
ownership and disposition of units.
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Your tax liability may exceed the amount of distributions,
if any, on your units. |
Cash or property will be distributed at the sole discretion of
the General Partner, and the General Partner currently does not
intend to make cash or other distributions with respect to
units. You will be required to pay United States federal income
tax and, in some cases, state, local, or foreign income tax, on
your allocable share of USOFs taxable income, without
regard to whether you receive distributions or the
20
amount of any distributions. Therefore, your tax liability with
respect to your units may exceed the amount of cash or value of
property (if any) distributed.
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Your allocable share of taxable income or loss may differ
from your economic income or loss on your units. |
Due to the application of the assumptions and conventions
applied by USOF in making allocations for tax purposes and other
factors, your allocable share of USOFs income, gain,
deduction or loss may be different than your economic profit or
loss from your units for a taxable year. This difference could
be temporary or permanent and, if permanent, could result in
your being taxed on amounts in excess of your economic income.
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Items of income, gain, deduction, loss and credit with
respect to units could be reallocated if the IRS does not accept
the assumptions and conventions applied by USOF in allocating
those items, with potential adverse consequences for you. |
The U.S. tax rules pertaining to partnerships are complex
and their application to large, publicly traded partnerships
such as USOF is in many respects uncertain. USOF will apply
certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with
the intent of the applicable rules and to report taxable income,
gains, deductions, losses and credits in a manner that properly
reflects unitholders economic gains and losses. These
assumptions and conventions may not fully comply with all
aspects of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) and
applicable Treasury Regulations, however, and it is possible
that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service will successfully
challenge our allocation methods and require us to reallocate
items of income, gain, deduction, loss or credit in a manner
that adversely affects you. If this occurs, you may be required
to file an amended tax return and to pay additional taxes plus
deficiency interest.
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We could be treated as a corporation for federal income
tax purposes, which may substantially reduce the value of your
units. |
USOF has received an opinion of counsel that, under current
U.S. federal income tax laws, USOF will be treated as a
partnership that is not taxable as a corporation for
U.S. federal income tax purposes, provided that (i) at
least 90 percent of USOFs annual gross income
consists of qualifying income as defined in the
Code, (ii) USOF is organized and operated in accordance
with its governing agreements and applicable law and
(iii) USOF does not elect to be taxed as a corporation for
federal income tax purposes. Although the General Partner
anticipates that USOF will satisfy the qualifying
income requirement for all of its taxable years, that
result cannot be assured. USOF has not requested and will not
request any ruling from the IRS with respect to its
classification as a partnership not taxable as a corporation for
federal income tax purposes. If the IRS were to successfully
assert that USOF is taxable as a corporation for federal income
tax purposes in any taxable year, rather than passing through
its income, gains, losses and deductions proportionately to
unitholders, USOF would be subject to tax on its net income for
the year at corporate tax rates. In addition, although the
General Partner does not currently intend to make distributions
with respect to units, any distributions would be taxable to
unitholders as dividend income. Taxation of USOF as a
corporation could materially reduce the after-tax return on an
investment in units and could substantially reduce the value of
your units.
PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS ARE STRONGLY URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN
TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE POSSIBLE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO
THEM OF AN INVESTMENT IN UNITS; SUCH TAX CONSEQUENCES MAY DIFFER
IN RESPECT OF DIFFERENT INVESTORS.
21
Legal Risks
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Representatives of the New York Mercantile Exchange have
notified USOF of its belief that USOF is engaging in
unauthorized use of such Exchanges service marks. |
USOF expects to invest primarily in Oil Futures Contracts, and
particularly in Oil Futures Contracts traded on the New York
Mercantile Exchange. Representatives of the New York Mercantile
Exchange have notified USOF of its belief that USOF is engaging
in unauthorized use of such Exchanges service marks. The
Exchange has claimed that USOF s use of the marks will
cause confusion as to USOFs source, origin, sponsorship or
approval, and constitute infringement of the Exchanges
trademark rights and unfair competition and dilution of the
Exchanges marks.
Additionally, as noted on
page [ ] of this prospectus,
USOF expressly disclaims any association with the Exchange or
endorsement of USOF by the Exchange and acknowledges that
NYMEX and New York Mercantile
Exchange are registered trademarks of such Exchange.
At this time, USOF is unable to determine what the outcome from
this matter will be. If the resolution or lack of resolution of
this matter results in a material restriction on USOFs
ability to invest in Oil Futures Contracts traded on the New
York Mercantile Exchange, USOF may not be able to achieve its
investment objective.
If USOF were to enter into an agreement with the New York
Mercantile Exchange, there would be a licensing fee as well as
certain limits that would be imposed on USOFs use of the
New York Mercantile Exchanges intellectual property. Such
fees and limits could adversely affect the ability of USOF to
meet its investment objective of correlating the NAV of the
units to the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil by
increasing USOFs costs and limiting its investment options.
The Offering
What is USOF?
USOF is a Delaware Limited Partnership (LP) organized on
May 12, 2005. USOF maintains its main business office at
1320 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 145, Alameda, California
94502. USOF is a commodity pool. It operates pursuant to the
terms of the LP Agreement dated as of
[ ],
[2005], which grants full management control to the General
Partner.
Who is the General Partner?
Our sole General Partner is Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC
(formerly Standard Asset Management, LLC), a single member
limited liability company that was formed in the state of
Delaware on May 10, 2005 and changed its name on
June 10, 2005. It maintains its main business office at
1320 Harbor Bay Parkway Suite 145 Alameda,
California 94502. The General Partner is a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Wainwright Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation
(Wainright). Mr. Nicholas Gerber (discussed
below) controls Wainwright by virtue of his ownership of
Wainwrights shares. Wainwright is a holding company that
also owns an insurance company organized under Bermuda law. The
General Partner has applied to become a member of the National
Futures Association (NFA) and to be registered with
the CFTC in October, 2005. The General Partners
registration as a commodity pool operator (CPO) with the NFA is
in process.
The General Partner is required to evaluate the credit risk for
USOF to the futures commission merchant, oversee the purchases
and sale of USOFs units by certain authorized purchasers,
review daily positions and margin requirements of USOF, and
manage USOFs investments. The General Partner also pays
the future commission merchants charges on behalf of USOF,
and pays the continuing service fees to the Marketing Agent for
communicating with investors.
Unitholders have no right to elect the General Partner on an
annual or any other continuing basis. If the General Partner
voluntarily withdraws, however, the holders of a majority of our
outstanding limited
22
partner interests (excluding for purposes of such determination
interests owned by the withdrawing General Partner and its
affiliates) may elect its successor. The General Partner may not
be removed as general partner except upon approval by the
affirmative vote of the holders of at least
662/3 percent
of our outstanding limited partner interests (excluding limited
partner interests owned by the General Partner and its
affiliates), subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions
set forth in the LP Agreement.
The business and affairs of our General Partner are managed by a
board of directors, and will be comprised of four Management
Directors who are also the executive officers and three
independent directors who make up the audit committee and meet
the independent director requirements established by the
American Stock Exchange and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for
USOF. Through its Management Directors, the General Partner
manages the day-to-day operations of USOF.
Nicholas Gerber has been the President and CEO of the General
Partner since June 9, 2005 and a Management Director of the
General Partner since May 10, 2005. He maintains his main
business office at 1320 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 145,
Alameda, California 94502. Mr. Gerber will act as a
Portfolio Manager for USOF. Mr. Gerber has an extensive
background in securities portfolio management and in developing
investment funds that make use of indexing and futures
contracts. Mr. Gerber is the founder of Ameristock
Corporation, a California-based investment adviser registered
under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, that has been
sponsoring and providing portfolio management services to mutual
funds since 1995. Since 1995, Mr. Gerber has been
the portfolio manager of the Ameristock Mutual Fund, a mutual
fund registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940,
focused on large cap U.S. equities that currently has over
$1 billion in assets. In these roles, Mr. Gerber has gained
extensive experience in evaluating and retaining third-party
service providers, including custodians, accountants, transfer
agents, and distributors. Prior to managing Ameristock Mutual
Fund Inc., Mr. Gerber served as a portfolio manager
with Bank of America Capital Management. While there he was
responsible for the daily stewardship of four funds with a
combined value in excess of $240 million. At Bank of
America Capital Management, Mr. Gerber worked extensively in the
development and managing of mutual funds and institutional
accounts that were designed to track assorted equity market
indices such as the Standard & Poors 500 and
the Standard & Poors Midcap 400. Before
joining Bank of America, he was Managing Director and founder of
the Marc Stevens Futures Index Fund, a fund that combined the
use of commodity futures with equity stock index futures. The
futures index fund was a commodity pool and Mr. Gerber was
the Commodity Pool Operator. It was ultimately purchased by
Newport Commodities. Mr. Gerbers two decades of
experience in institutional investment include a period of
employment as a floor trader on the New York Futures
Exchange. Mr. Gerber has passed the Series 3
examination for associated persons. He holds an MBA in finance
from the University of San Francisco and a BA from Skidmore
College. Mr. Gerber is 43 years old.
Andrew F. Ngim has been a Management Director of the General
Partner since May 10, 2005 and Treasurer of the General
Partner since June 9, 2005. He received a Bachelor of Arts
from the University of California at Berkeley in 1987.
Mr. Ngim has been the Managing Director of Ameristock
Corporation since 1999. He was the Co-Portfolio Manager of the
Ameristock Large Company Growth Fund from December 2000 to June
2002 and Benefits Consultant with PriceWaterhouseCoopers from
1994 to 1999. Mr. Ngim is 45 years old.
Howard Mah has been a Management Director of the General Partner
since May 10, 2005 and Secretary of the General Partner
since June 9, 2005. He received a Bachelor of Education
from the University of Alberta, in 1986 and an MBA from the
University of San Francisco in 1988. He has been the Compliance
Officer of Ameristock Corporation since 2001; tax & finance
consultant in private practice since 1995, Secretary of
Ameristock Mutual Fund since 1995 and Ameristock Focused Value
Fund from December 2000 to January 2005; Chief Compliance
Officer of Ameristock Mutual Fund since 2004 and the
Co-Portfolio Manager of the Ameristock Focused Value Fund from
December 2000 to January 2005. Mr. Mah is 41 years old.
Robert L. Nguyen has been a Management Director of the General
Partner since May 10, 2005. He received a Bachelor of
Science from California State University Sacramento in 1981.
Mr. Nguyen has
23
been the Managing Principal of Ameristock Corporation since
2000. He was Co-Portfolio Manager of the Ameristock Large
Company Growth Fund from December 2000 to June 2002 and
Institutional Specialist with Charles Schwab & Company Inc.
from 1995 to 1999. Mr. Nguyen is 45 years old.
Peter M. Robinson has been an Independent Director of the
General Partner since September 30, 2005. Mr. Robinson
has been employed with the Hoover Institution since 1993.
Mr. Robinson graduated from Dartmouth College in 1979 and
Oxford University in 1982. Mr. Robinson spent six years in
the White House, serving from 1982 to 1983 as chief speechwriter
to Vice President George Bush and from 1983 to 1988 as special
assistant and speechwriter to President Ronald Reagan. After the
White House, Mr. Robinson received an MBA from the Stanford
University Graduate School of Business. Mr. Robinson then
spent a year in New York City with Fox Television. He spent a
second year in Washington, D.C., with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, where he served as the director of the
Office of Public Affairs, Policy Evaluation, and Research.
Mr. Robinson has also written three books and has been
published in the New York Times, Red Herring, and
Forbes ASAP and he is the editor of Can Congress Be
Fixed?: Five Essays on Congressional Reform (Hoover
Institution Press, 1995). Mr. Robinson is 48 years old.
Gordon L. Ellis has been an Independent Director of the General
Partner since September 30, 2005. Mr. Ellis has been
Chairman of International Absorbents, Inc. since July 1988,
President and Chief Executive Officer since November 1996 and a
Class I Director of the company since July 1985.
Mr. Ellis is also a director of Absorption Corp.,
International Absorbents, Incs wholly-owned subsidiary.
Mr. Ellis is a director/trustee of Polymer Solutions, Inc.,
a former publicly-held company that sold all of its assets
effective as of February 3, 2004 and is currently winding
down its operations and liquidating following such sale.
Mr. Robinson is 58 years old.
Malcolm R. Fobes III has been an Independent Director of the
General Partner since September 30, 2005. Mr. Fobes
manages the investment program of the Berkshire Focus Fund. He
is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the
Berkshire Focus Funds portfolio. Mr. Fobes founded
the Berkshire Focus Funds investment adviser, Berkshire
Capital Holdings, Inc., in 1993, where he has been responsible
for directing the companys investment programs in both
public and private companies located in the Silicon Valley.
Prior to forming Berkshire Capital, Mr. Fobes was employed
by various technology-related companies, including Adobe
Systems, Inc., a leading provider of digital publishing and
imaging software technologies. Mr. Fobes holds a B.S.
degree in Finance and Economics from San Jose State University
in California. Mr. Fobes is 41 years old.
John Love will act as the Operations Manager for USOF.
Mr. Love has served as the operations manager of Ameristock
Corporation since 2002, where he is responsible for marketing
the Ameristock Mutual Fund. From April 2001 to September 2002,
Mr. Love was the project manager for TouchVision
Interactive where he provided leadership to project teams while
assisting with business and process development. From January
1996 to November 2000, Mr. Love was the managing director
of Jamison/ Gold (Keane Inc.) where he provided leadership to
all departments including operations, production, technology,
sales, marketing, administration, recruiting, and finance. From
December 2000 to February 2001, Mr. Love was employed by
Digital Boardwalk Inc. Mr. Loves experience also
includes leading a group of multimedia producers who controlled
web and kiosk projects from pre-contract to deployment. He holds
a BFA in cinema-television from the University of Southern
California. Mr. Love does not have any experience operating a
commodity pool. Mr. Love is 34 years old.
John T. Hyland, CFA will act as a Portfolio Manager and as the
Director of Portfolio Research for USOF. Mr. Hyland has an
extensive background in portfolio management and research with
both equity and fixed income securities, as well as in the
development of new types of complex investment funds. He is
currently a principal at Towerhouse Capital Management, LLC, a
firm that provides portfolio management and new fund development
expertise to non-U.S. institutional investors. Prior to
founding Towerhouse in 2003, Mr. Hyland was the Director of
Global Property Securities Research for Roulac International,
where he worked on the development of a hedge fund focused on
global real estate stocks. From 1996 through 2001,
Mr. Hyland was the Director of Securities Research and
Portfolio Manager for the capital markets division of CB Richard
Ellis, a global commercial real estate services firm. His
division
24
provided portfolio management of equities as an advisor or
sub-advisor for mutual funds and separate accounts focused on
real estate investment trusts. In addition, his group conducted
research in the area of structured commercial real estate debt
(including Commercial Mortgage-Back Securities, or
CMBS), and lead the creation of one of the earliest
re-securitizations of multiple CMBS pool tranches into a
Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) vehicle. In the
ten years prior to working at CB Richard Ellis, Mr. Hyland
had worked as a portfolio manager or financial representative
for several other investment firms and mutual funds.
Mr. Hyland received his Chartered Financial Analyst
(CFA) designation in 1994. From 1993 until 2003,
Mr. Hyland was on the Board of Directors of the Security
Analysts of San Francisco (SASF), a not-for-profit
organization of investment management professionals. He served
as the president of the SASF from 2001-2002. Mr. Hyland is
a member of the CFA Institute (formerly AIMR). He is also a
member of the National Association of Petroleum Investment
Analysts (NAPIA), a not-for-profit organization of investment
professionals focused on the oil industry. He serves as an
arbitrator for the National Association of Securities Dealers
(NASD), as part of their dispute resolution program.
He is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley and
received a BA in political science/international relations in
1982. Mr. Hyland is 46 years old.
Kathryn D. Rooney will act as a Marketing Manager for USOF. Her
primary responsibilities will include soliciting orders,
customers and customer funds. Currently, Ms. Rooney is the
Director of Business Development for Ameristock Mutual Fund. She
has held this position since September of 2003. Prior to working
for Ameristock Mutual Fund, Ms. Rooney was the Regional
Director for Accessor Capital Management from November of 2002
to September of 2003. Before working at Accessor Capital
Management, Ms. Rooney worked at ALPS Mutual Fund Services,
Inc. as a National Sales Director. She held this position from
May of 1999 through November of 2002. Before working at ALPS
Mutual Fund Services, Inc., Ms. Rooney worked as a Trust
Officer for Fifth Third bank from June of 1994 through May of
1999. Ms. Rooney is 33 years old.
The following are individual Principals, as that term is defined
in CFTC Rule 3.1, for USOF: Melinda Gerber, Howard Mah,
Andrew Ngim, Robert Nguyen, Peter Robinson, Gordon Ellis, and
Malcolm Fobes. Nicholas Gerber and John Hyland make trading and
investment decisions for USOF. Nicholas Gerber, John Love, and
John Hyland execute trades on behalf of USOF. In addition,
Nicholas Gerber, John Love, John Hyland and Kathryn Rooney are
in the process of registering with the NFA as Associated Persons
of the General Partner.
Compensation and Fees to the General Partner
USOF pays a management fee to the General Partner as follows:
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Assets |
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Management Fee | |
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First $1,000,000,000
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0.50% of NAV |
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After the first $1,000,000,000
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0.20% of NAV |
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Prior Performance of the General Partner and Affiliates
The General Partner is a new company so it does not have a prior
performance history. Nicholas Gerber, the president of the
General Partner, ran the Marc Stevens Futures Index Fund over
10 years ago. This fund combined commodity futures with
equity stock index futures. It was a very small private
offering, which had under $1 million in assets. The Marc
Stevens Futures Index Fund was a commodity pool and
Mr. Gerber was the Commodity Pool Operator. Ameristock
Corporation is an affiliate of the General Partner and it is a
California-based Registered Investment Advisor that has been
sponsoring and providing portfolio management services to mutual
funds since 1995. Ameristock Corporation is the investment
adviser to the Ameristock Mutual Fund, a registered mutual fund
focused on large cap US equities that has over $1 billion
in assets.
25
How Does USOF Operate?
The investment objective of USOF is for the units
NAV to reflect the performance of the spot price of WTI
light, sweet crude oil, less USOFs expenses. USOF will
invest in Oil Futures Contracts, which are futures contracts for
light, sweet crude oil and/or other petroleum-based fuels that
are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange and/or other
U.S. and foreign exchanges, and Other Oil Interests such as
cash-settled options on Oil Futures Contracts and forward
contracts for oil and over-the-counter transaction that are
based on the price of oil, other petroleum-based fuels, Oil
Futures Contracts and indices based on the foregoing.
USOF anticipates that it will initially invest primarily in the
Benchmark Oil Futures Contract until the dollar value of its
daily net assets equals the dollar value of twenty-five percent
of the exchanges speculative position limits for the
purchase of these contracts (currently 5,000 contracts) or such
other percentage less than the speculative position limits as
the General Partner determines. Above that amount and until the
amount of USOFs net assets equals the dollar value of the
speculative position limits of the New York Mercantile Exchange
(currently 20,000 contracts), USOF will invest in a mix of
various Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests. When the
dollar value of USOFs daily net assets exceeds the dollar
value of the speculative position limits on the New York
Mercantile Exchange, then above that amount USOF will invest
only in Other Oil Interests. In the latter case, a significant
portion of these Other Oil Interests will be cash settled OTC
options, forward contracts and other OTC transactions based on
the spot price of oil and other petroleum based fuels, Oil
Futures Contracts and indices based on the foregoing.
The primary catalyst for determining the allocation mix of Oil
Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests to be purchased by the
General Partner are speculative position limits and the ability
to manage fund operations in a smooth and controlled manner.
USOF intends to purchase futures contracts on the ICE Futures or
the Singapore Exchange only when it has reached position limits
on the New York Mercantile Exchange. It does not intend to use
these exchanges to make a profit.
USOF seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a
mix of Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests such that
USOFs NAV will closely track the price of the Benchmark
Oil Futures Contract that the General Partner believes has
historically exhibited a close price correlation with the spot
price of WTI light, sweet crude oil. As discussed above, on any
Valuation Day (a Valuation Day is any day as of which USOF
calculates its NAV) that does not occur within the two week
period preceding a monthly expiration date on the New York
Mercantile Exchange, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the
near-month futures contract for WTI light, sweet crude oil that
is traded on the Exchange. On each Valuation Day within the two
week period preceding a monthly expiration date on the New York
Mercantile Exchange, the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the
second to nearest out futures contract for WTI light, sweet
crude oil that is traded on the Exchange.
More specifically, the General Partner will endeavor to place
USOFs trades in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests and otherwise manage USOFs investments so that A
will be within plus/minus10 percent of B, where:
A is the average daily change in USOFs NAV for
any period of 30 successive Valuation Days, and
B is the average daily change in the price of the
Benchmark Oil Futures Contract over the same period.
The General Partner believes that market arbitrage opportunities
will cause USOFs unit price on the American Stock Exchange
to closely track USOFs NAV. The General Partner further
believes that the prices of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract
have historically closely tracked the spot prices of WTI light,
sweet crude oil. The General Partner believes that the net
effect of these two expected relationships and the relationship
described above between USOFs NAV and the Benchmark Oil
Futures Contract, will be that the price of USOFs units on
the American Stock Exchange will closely track the spot price of
a barrel of WTI light, sweet crude oil, less USOFs
expenses.
26
Information on USOFs holdings will be placed on the
Marketing Agents website and will be accessible by retail
investors and Authorized Purchasers will have access to it.
These relationships are illustrated in the following diagram:
The General Partner will employ a neutral investment
strategy intended to track the price of WTI light, sweet
crude oil regardless of whether the price of oil goes up or goes
down. USOFs neutral investment strategy is
designed to permit investors generally to purchase and sell
USOFs units for the
27
purpose of investing indirectly in oil in a cost-effective
manner, and/or to permit participants in the oil or other
industries to hedge the risk of losses in their oil-related
transactions.
The units may be purchased by Authorized Purchasers only in
blocks of 100,000 units called Creation Baskets. The amount of
the purchase payment for a Creation Basket will be equal to the
aggregate NAV of USOF units in the Creation Basket. Similarly,
Authorized Purchasers may redeem units only in blocks of 100,000
units called Redemption Baskets. The amount of the
redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be equal
to the aggregate NAV of USOF units in the
Redemption Basket. Throughout each day that USOFs
units are traded on the American Stock Exchange, the amount of
the purchase payment for a Creation Basket and the redemption
proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be published. The
purchase price for Creation Baskets, and the redemption price
for Redemption Baskets will be the actual NAV calculated at the
end of the business day when notice for a purchase or redemption
is received by USOF. The American Stock Exchange will publish
and approximate NAV intra-day based on the prior days NAV,
but the Basket price will be determined based on the actual NAV
at the end of the day.
While USOF will only issue units in large blocks called Creation
Baskets, units may also be purchased and sold in much smaller
increments in the secondary market. These transactions, however
are effected at the bid and ask prices established by specialist
firm(s). Like any listed security, units can be purchased and
sold at any time a secondary market is open.
The General Partner, believes that for many investors the units
represent a cost-effective way to invest indirectly in light,
sweet crude oil. However, as noted, because USOF invests in Oil
Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests rather than directly
in oil, the performance of the price of the units may not
accurately and consistently reflect the performance of the spot
price of WTI light, sweet crude oil.
The following graphs illustrate the correlation between the
monthly average spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil and the
monthly average price of WTI light, sweet crude oil delivered to
Cushing, Oklahoma futures contracts.
This correlation is relevant because the General Partner will
invest USOFs assets as fully as possible in Oil Futures
Contracts and Other Oil Interests according to its belief that
USOFs NAV will closely correlate with the price of the
Benchmark Oil Futures Contract. The General Partner also
believes that the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract
will closely correlate with the spot price of WTI light, sweet
crude oil. These graphs illustrate how the monthly average spot
price of WTI light, sweet crude oil closely correlated with
monthly average price of WTI light, sweet crude oil futures
contracts over a 10-year period. To obtain the monthly average
prices, USOF added the closing prices for every day in each
month and then divided that number by the total number of days
in that month.
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1995 thru 1999 Monthly Average Spot Price vs. Monthly Average
Future Price
(WTI light, sweet crude oil delivered to Cushing,
Oklahoma)
[PLOT POINTS TO COME]
2000 thru 2005 Monthly Average Spot Price vs. Monthly Average
Future Price
(WTI light, sweet crude oil delivered to Cushing,
Oklahoma)
[PLOT POINTS TO COME]
29
What is USOFs Investment Strategy?
In managing USOFs assets the General Partner does not
intend to use a technical trading system that issues buy and
sell orders. The General Partner does intend to employ a
quantitative methodology whereby each time a Creation Basket is
purchased, the General Partner will purchase oil interests, such
as an Oil Futures Contract for WTI light, sweet crude oil traded
on the New York Mercantile Exchange, that have an aggregate face
amount that approximates the amount of Treasuries and cash
received upon the issuance of one or more Creation Baskets.
As an example, assume that a Creation Basket purchase order is
placed on January 2, 2006. If USOFs closing NAV for
January 2 is $66.79, USOF would receive $6,679,000 for the
Creation Basket ($66.79 NAV per unit times 100,000 units, and
ignoring the Creation Transaction Fee of $1,000). Assume that
the price of an Oil Futures Contract for WTI light, sweet crude
oil on January 3, 2006 is $66,800. Because the price of oil
reflected in these near month futures contracts on
January 3, 2006 is different (in this case, higher) than
the price of oil reflected in USOFs NAV calculated as of
January 2, 2006 (the day the corresponding Creation Basket
was sold), USOF cannot invest the entire purchase amount
corresponding to the Creation Basket in futures
contractsi.e., it can only invest in 99 Oil Futures
Contracts with an aggregate value of $6,613,200 ($66,800 per
contract times 99 contracts), which would require $661,320
in Treasuries to be deposited as margin with the futures
commission merchant through which the contract was purchased.
The remainder of the purchase price for the Creation Basket,
$5,951,880, would remain invested in cash and Treasuries as
determined by the General Partner from time to time based on
factors such as potential calls for margin or anticipated
redemptions.
The specific Oil Futures Contracts to be purchased will depend
on various factors, including a judgment by the General Partner
as to the appropriate diversification of USOFs investments
in futures contracts with respect to the month of expiration,
and the prevailing price volatility of particular contracts.
While the General Partner anticipates investing primarily in New
York Mercantile Exchange Oil Futures Contracts, if USOF reaches
certain transaction limits on the New York Mercantile Exchange,
or for other reasons, it will invest in Oil Futures Contracts
traded on other exchanges or invest in other Oil Interests such
as contracts in the over-the-counter market.
The General Partner does not anticipate letting its Oil Futures
Contracts expire and taking delivery of the underlying oil.
Instead, the General Partner will close existing positions when
it is determined appropriate to do so and reinvest the proceeds
in new Oil Futures Contracts. Positions may also be closed out
to meet orders for Redemption Baskets.
By remaining invested as fully as possible in Oil Futures
Contracts or Other Oil Interests, the General Partner believes
that USOFs NAV will closely track the movement of the
prices of the futures contracts in which USOF invests. The
General Partner believes that certain arbitrage opportunities
will result in the price of the units traded on the American
Stock Exchange closely tracking the NAV of USOF. Additionally,
the General Partner has conducted research that (as discussed in
more detail below) indicates that oil futures contracts traded
on the New York Mercantile Exchange have closely tracked the
spot price of the underlying oil. Based on these expected
interrelationships, the General Partner believes that the price
of USOFs units as traded on the American Stock Exchange
will closely track the spot price of sweet, light crude oil.
What are Oil Futures Contracts?
Oil Futures Contracts are agreements between two parties. One
party agrees to buy oil from the other party at a later date at
a price and quantity agreed-upon when the contract is made. Oil
Futures Contracts are traded on futures exchanges, including the
New York Mercantile Exchange.
Certain typical and significant characteristics of Oil Futures
Contracts are discussed below. Additional risks of investing in
Oil Futures Contracts are included in What are the Risk
Factors?
Speculative Position Limits. The CFTC and
U.S. designated contract markets have established limits or
position accountability rules, referred to as speculative
position limits or position limits, on the
30
maximum net long or net short speculative position that any
person or group of persons under common trading control (other
than a hedger, which USOF is not) may hold, own or control in
commodity interests. Among the purposes of speculative position
limits is to prevent a corner or squeeze on a market or undue
influence on prices by any single trader or group of traders.
Price Limits. Exchanges also may impose on Oil Futures
Contracts a maximum permissible price movement for each trading
session. If the maximum permissible price movement is achieved
on any trading day, no more trades may be executed above (or
below, if the price has moved downward) that limit. Therefore,
if USOF wished to execute a trade outside the daily permissible
price movement, it would be prevented from doing so by exchange
rules, and would have to wait for another trading session to
execute its transaction.
Price Volatility. Despite daily price limits, the price
volatility of Oil Futures Contracts generally has been
historically greater than that for traditional securities such
as stocks and bonds. Price volatility is greater day-to-day as
opposed to intra-day. Oil Futures Contracts tend to be more
volatile than stocks and bonds because price movements for
barrels of oil are more currently and directly influenced by,
economic factors for which changing data is available and traded
by oil futures traders through out the day changes in interest
rates; governmental, agricultural, trade, fiscal, monetary and
exchange control programs and policies; weather and climate
conditions; changing supply and demand relationships; changes in
balances of payments and trade; U.S. and international rates of
inflation; currency devaluations and revaluations; U.S. and
international political and economic events; and changes in
philosophies and emotions of market participants. Because USOF
invests a significant portion of its assets in Oil Futures
Contracts, the assets of USOF, and therefore the prices of
USOF units, may be subject to greater volatility.
Marking-to-Market Futures Positions. Oil Futures
Contracts are marked to market at the end of each trading day,
to ensure that the outstanding futures obligations are limited
by the maximum daily permissible price movement. This process of
marking-to-market is designed to prevent losses from
accumulating in any futures account. Therefore, if USOFs
futures positions have declined in value, USOF may be required
to post additional variation margin to cover this decline.
Alternatively, if USOF futures positions have increased in
value, this increase will be credited to USOFs account.
What is the Light, Sweet Crude Oil Market?
USOF may purchase Oil Futures Contracts traded on the New York
Mercantile Exchange that are based on WTI light, sweet crude
oil, which is also accessible to the international spot markets
via pipelines. It may also purchase contracts on other
exchanges, including the ICE Futures and the Singapore Exchange.
The contract provides for delivery of several grades of domestic
and internationally traded foreign crudes, and serves the
diverse needs of the physical market.
Light, sweet crudes are preferred by refiners because of their
low sulfur content and relatively high yields of high-value
products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, and jet
fuel.
Demand for petroleum products by consumers, as well as
agricultural, manufacturing and transportation industries,
determines demand for crude oil by refiners. Since the
precursors of product demand are linked to economic activity,
crude oil demand will tend to reflect economic conditions.
However, other factors such as weather also influence product
and crude oil demand.
Crude oil supply is determined by both economic and political
factors. Oil prices (along with drilling costs, availability of
attractive prospects for drilling, taxes and technology)
determine exploration and development spending, which influence
output capacity with a lag. In the short run, production
decisions by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) also affect supply and prices. Oil export embargoes
and the current conflicts in Iraq represent other routes through
which political developments move the market.
It is not possible to predict the aggregate effect of all or any
combination of these factors.
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How Will USOF Purchase and Sell Oil Futures
Contracts?
USOFs investment objective is for the NAV of its units to
reflect the performance of the spot price of WTI light, sweet
crude oil. USOF expects to invest primarily in Oil Futures
Contracts. USOF seeks to have its aggregate NAV approximate at
all times the outstanding value of Oil Futures Contracts (or
Other Oil Interests) USOF holds.
Other than investing in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests, USOF will only invest in assets to support these
investments in oil interests. At any given time, a significant
majority of USOF investments are in Treasuries that serve as
segregated assets supporting USOFs positions in Oil
Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests. For example, the
purchase of an Oil Futures Contract with a stated value of
$10 million would not require USOF to pay $10 million
upon entering into the contract; rather, only a margin deposit,
generally of 5% or less of the stated value of the Oil Futures
Contract, would be required. To secure its Oil Futures Contract
obligations, USOF would then segregate in a margin account
Treasuries in an amount equal to the balance of the current
market value of the contract, which at the contracts
inception would be $10 million minus the amount of the
deposit, or $9.5 million.
USOF intends to earn interest income from the Treasuries that it
will purchase and it anticipates that the earned interest income
will increase the NAV and limited partners capital
contribution accounts. USOF plans to reinvest the earned
interest income, hold it in cash, or use it to pay its expenses.
If USOF reinvests the earned interest income, it will make
investments that are consistent with its investment objectives.
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What is the Flow of Units?
What are the Trading Policies of USOF?
USOF will invest only in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests that are traded in sufficient volume to permit, in the
opinion of the General Partner, ease of taking and liquidating
positions in these financial interests.
Futures contracts are not required to be cash-settled so it is
possible that USOF may be required to take delivery of oil.
Although USOF does not expect to make or take delivery of oil,
it is authorized to do so. USOF would take delivery of oil or
trade in the spot markets if it were required to cause
USOFs NAV to more closely track the spot price of WTI
light, sweet crude oil. In addition, USOF may from time to time
trade in spot, or cash, oil.
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While USOF expects its ratio of variation margin to total assets
to generally range from 0% to 5%, the General Partner endeavors
to have the value of USOFs Treasuries and cash whether
held by USOF or posted as margin or collateral at all times
approximate the aggregate face value of its obligations under
USOFs Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests.
Borrowings will not be used by USOF, unless USOF is required to
borrow money in the event of delivery, if USOF trades in cash
commodities, or for short-term needs created by unexpected
redemptions. USOF intends to maintain cash or Treasuries that
equal the value of margin posted and the actual value of the Oil
Futures Contracts. USOF does not plan to establish credit lines.
USOF may employ spreads or straddles in its trading. USOF will
use a spread when it chooses to take simultaneous long and short
positions in futures written on the same underlying asset, but
with different delivery months. USOF will enter into a straddle
when it chooses to take an option position consisting of a long
(or short) position in both a call option and put option.
USOF will not employ the technique, commonly known as
pyramiding, in which the speculator uses unrealized profits on
existing positions as variation margin for the purchase or sale
of additional positions in the same or another commodity
interest.
Who are the Service Providers?
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. is expected to act as the
registrar and transfer agent for the units. Brown Brothers
Harriman & Co. will also act as the custodian for USOF.
In this capacity, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. will
hold USOFs cash and Treasuries pursuant to a custodial
agreement. In addition, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
will perform certain administrative and accounting services for
USOF and will prepare certain SEC and CFTC reports on behalf of
USOF.
ABN Amro is USOFs futures commissions merchant. USOF and
ABN Amro intend to enter into an Institutional Futures Client
Account Agreement. This Agreement requires ABN Amro to provide
services to USOF in connection with the purchase and sale of oil
interests that may be purchased or sold by or through
ABN Amro for USOFs account.
Currently, USOF does not employ commodities trading advisors.
If, in the future, USOF does employ commodities trading
advisors, it will choose each advisor based on arms-length
negotiations and will consider the advisors experience,
fees, and reputation.
USOF also employs ALPS Mutual Fund Services, Inc. as a Marketing
Agent, which is further discussed under What is
USOFs Plan of Distribution? ALPS Mutual Fund
Services, Inc.s fees will be paid by the General Partner.
34
Fees and Compensation Arrangements with Non-Affiliated
Service Providers
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Service Provider |
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Compensation Received from General Partner |
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Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., Custodian and
Administrator
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minimum $300,000 annually and, once USOFs assets are above
$500 million, an asset charge ranging between 0.06% and
0.035%, plus a $(50,000) Transfer Agency Fee, and in either case
transaction charges of $7.00 to $15.00 per transaction. |
ALPS Mutual Fund Services, Inc., or its affiliate Marketing Agent
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$425,000 per annum plus an incentive fee as follows: 0.0% on
USOFs assets from $0-500 million; .04% on USOFs
assets from $500 million-$4 billion; .03% on
USOFs assets in excess of $4 billion. |
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Service Provider |
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Compensation Received from General Partner |
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ABN Amro, Futures Commissions Merchant
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Approximately $9.00 per buy or sell |
Non-Affiliated Brokers
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Approximately .35% of assets |
All purchasers of USOFs units, and potentially any
purchasers of limited partner interests in the future, who wish
to become holders of record and receive cash distributions must
deliver an executed transfer application in which the purchaser
or transferee must certify that, among other things, he, she or
it agrees to be bound by USOFs LP Agreement and is
eligible to purchase USOFs securities. A person purchasing
USOFs existing units, limited partner interests issues in
the future, who does not execute a transfer application and
certify that the purchaser is eligible to purchase those
securities acquires no rights in those securities other than the
right to resell those securities. Further, the General Partner
may request each recordholder to furnish certain information,
including that holders nationality, citizenship or other
related status. An investor who is not a U.S. resident may not
be eligible to become a recordholder or one of the USOFs
limited partners if that investors ownership would subject
USOF to the risk of cancellation or forfeiture of any of
USOFs assets under any federal, state or local law or
regulation. If the recordholder fails to furnish the information
or if the General Partner determines, on the basis of the
information furnished by the holder in response to the request,
that such holder is not qualified to become one of USOFs
limited partners, the General Partner may be substituted as a
holder for the record holder, who will then be treated as a
non-citizen assignee, and USOF will have the right to redeem
those securities held by the record holder.
Any transfer of units will not be recorded by the transfer agent
or recognized by us unless certificate(s) representing those
units are surrendered. When acquiring units, the transferee of
such units will:
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be an assignee until admitted as a substituted limited partner; |
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automatically request admission as a substituted limited partner; |
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agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of, and executes,
our LP Agreement; |
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represent that such transferee has the capacity and authority to
enter into our LP Agreement; |
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grant powers of attorney to our General Partner and any
liquidator of us; and |
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make the consents and waivers contained in our LP Agreement. |
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An assignee will become a limited partner in respect of the
transferred units upon the consent of our General Partner and
the recordation of the name of the assignee on our books and
records. Such consent may be withheld in the sole discretion of
our General Partner. Our units will be securities and will be
transferable according to the laws governing transfers of
securities.
35
If consent of the General Partner is withheld such transferee
shall be an assignee. An assignee shall have an interest in the
partnership equivalent to that of a limited partner with respect
to allocations and distributions, including, without limitation,
liquidating distributions, of the partnership. With respect to
voting rights attributable to units that are held by assignees,
the General Partner shall be deemed to be the limited partner
with respect thereto and shall, in exercising the voting rights
in respect of such units on any matter, vote such units at the
written direction of the assignee who is the recordholder of
such units. If no such written direction is received, such units
will not be voted. An assignee shall have no other rights of a
limited partner.
Withdrawal of Unitholders
If the General Partner gives at least fifteen
(15) days written notice to a unitholder, then the
General Partner may for any reason, in its sole discretion,
require any such unitholder to withdraw entirely from the
partnership or to withdraw a portion of his partner capital
account. If the General Partner does not give at least fifteen
(15) days written notice to a unitholder, then it may
only require withdrawal of all or any portion of the capital
account of any unitholder in the following circumstances:
(i) the unitholder made a misrepresentation to the General
Partner in connection with its purchase of units; or
(ii) the unitholders ownership of units would result
in the violation of any law or regulations applicable to the
partnership or a partner. In these circumstances, the General
Partner without notice may require the withdrawal at any time,
or retroactively. The unitholder thus designated shall withdraw
from the partnership or withdraw that portion of his partner
capital account specified, as the case may be, as of the close
of business on such date as determined by the General Partner.
The unitholder thus designated shall be deemed to have withdrawn
from the partnership or to have made a partial withdrawal from
his partner capital account, as the case may be, without further
action on the part of the unitholder and the provisions of the
LP Agreement shall apply.
What is the Plan of Distribution?
Most investors will buy and sell units of USOF in secondary
market transactions through brokers. Units will trade on the
American Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol listed in this
prospectus. Units will be bought and sold throughout the trading
day like other publicly traded securities. The Authorized
Purchaser will be the market maker or
specialist on the Exchange whose function will be to
maintain an orderly market in the units, including establishing
the bid and ask prices on the Exchange. When buying or selling
units through a broker, most investors will incur customary
brokerage commissions and charges. Investors are encouraged to
review the terms of their brokerage account for details on
applicable charges.
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Marketing Agent and Authorized Purchasers |
The offering of USOFs units is a best efforts offering.
USOF will continuously offer Creation Baskets consisting of
100,000 units through the Marketing Agent, to Authorized
Purchasers. [Name of initial Authorized Purchaser] is
expected to be the initial Authorized Purchaser. The initial
Authorized Purchaser will, subject to conditions, purchase the
initial Creation Basket of 100,000 units at an initial offering
price per unit equal to the closing price of the Benchmark Oil
Futures Contract on the last business day prior to the effective
date. Authorized Purchasers will pay a $1,000 fee for the
creation of Creation Baskets.
The initial Authorized Purchaser proposes to offer to the public
these 100,000 units at a per-unit offering price that will vary
depending, among other factors, on the trading price of the
units on the American Stock Exchange and the NAV at the time of
the offer. Units offered by the initial Authorized Purchaser at
different times may have different offering prices. The initial
Authorized Purchaser will not receive from USOF, the General
Partner or any of their affiliates any fee or other compensation
in
36
connection with the sale of the units. USOF will not bear any
expenses in connection with the offering or sales of the initial
Creation Basket of units.
The offering of baskets is being made in compliance with Conduct
Rule 2810 of the NASD. Accordingly, the initial Authorized
Purchaser will not make any sales to any account over which it
has discretionary authority without the prior written approval
of a purchaser of units.
The per unit price of units offered in Creation Baskets on any
subsequent day will be the total NAV of USOF calculated on that
day divided by the number of issued and outstanding units. An
Authorized Purchaser is not required to sell any specific number
or dollar amount of units, but will use its best efforts to sell
the units sold.
By executing an Authorized Purchaser Agreement, the Authorized
Purchaser becomes part of the group of parties eligible to
purchase baskets from, and put baskets for redemption to, USOF.
An Authorized Purchaser is under no obligation to create or
redeem baskets, and an Authorized Purchaser is under no
obligation to offer to the public units of any baskets it does
create.
Authorized Purchasers that do offer to the public units from the
baskets they create will do so at a per-unit offering price that
will vary depending upon, among other factors, the trading price
of the units on the American Stock Exchange and the NAV at the
time of the offer. Units initially comprising the same basket
but offered by Authorized Purchasers to the public at different
times may have different offering prices.
Investors that purchase units through a commission/fee-based
brokerage account may pay commissions/fees charged by the
brokerage account. Investors are encouraged to review the terms
of their brokerage accounts for details on applicable charges.
As of the date of this prospectus,
[ ]
is the only Authorized Purchaser. Because new units can be
created and issued on an ongoing basis, at any point during the
life of USOF, a distribution, as such term is used
in the 1933 Act, will be occurring. Authorized Purchasers, other
broker-dealers and other persons are cautioned that some of
their activities may result in their being deemed participants
in a distribution in a manner that would render them statutory
underwriters and subject them to the prospectus-delivery and
liability provisions of the 1933 Act. For example, an Authorized
Purchaser, other broker-dealer firm or its client will be deemed
a statutory underwriter if it purchases a basket from USOF,
breaks the basket down into the constituent units and sells the
units to its customers; or if it chooses to couple the creation
of a supply of new units with an active selling effort involving
solicitation of secondary market demand for the units. A
determination of whether a particular market participant is an
underwriter must take into account all the facts and
circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker-dealer
or its client in the particular case, and the examples mentioned
above should not be considered a complete description of all the
activities that would lead to designation as an underwriter and
subject them to the prospectus-delivery and liability provisions
of the 1933 Act.
Dealers that are not underwriters but are
participating in a distribution (as contrasted to ordinary
secondary trading transactions), and thus dealing with units
that are part of an unsold allotment within the
meaning of Section 4(3)(C) of the 1933 Act, would be unable to
take advantage of the prospectus-delivery exemption provided by
Section 4(3) of the 1933 Act.
The General Partner may qualify the units in states selected by
the General Partner and intends that sales be made through
broker-dealers who are members of the NASD. Investors intending
to create or redeem baskets through Authorized Purchasers in
transactions not involving a broker-dealer registered in such
investors state of domicile or residence should consult
their legal advisor regarding applicable broker-dealer or
securities regulatory requirements under the state securities
laws prior to such creation or redemption.
While the Authorized Purchasers may be indemnified by the
General Partner and USOF, they will not be entitled to receive a
discount or commission from USOF for their purchases of Creation
Baskets.
37
The difference between the price paid by Authorized Purchasers
as underwriters and the price paid by investors to such
Authorized Purchasers will be deemed underwriting compensation.
USOFs NAV is calculated by:
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Taking the current market value of its total assets |
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Subtracting any liabilities |
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Dividing that amount by the total number of units issued and
outstanding |
The Administrator will calculate the NAV of USOF once each
trading day. The NAV for a particular trading day will be
released after 4:15 p.m. New York time. It will calculate
NAV as of the earlier of the close of the New York Stock
Exchange or 4:00 p.m. New York time. Trading on the
American Stock Exchange typically closes at 4:15 p.m. New
York time. USOF will use the New York Mercantile Exchange
closing price (determined at the earlier of the close of that
exchange or 2:30 p.m. New York time) for the contracts held
on the New York Mercantile Exchange, but will calculate or
determine the value of all other USOF investments as of the
earlier of the earlier of close of the New York Stock Exchange
or 4:00 p.m. New York time.
In addition, in order to provide updated information relating to
USOF for use by investors and market professionals, the American
Stock Exchange will calculate and disseminate throughout the
trading day an updated indicative fund value. The
indicative fund value will be calculated by using the prior
days closing NAV per unit of USOF as a base and updating
that value throughout the trading day to reflect changes in the
most recently reported trade price for the active WTI light,
sweet Oil Futures Contract on the New York Mercantile Exchange.
The prices reported for the active Oil Futures Contract month
will be adjusted based on the prior days spread
differential between settlement values for that contract and the
spot month contract. In the event that the spot month contract
is also the active contract, the last sale price for the active
contract will not be adjusted. The indicative fund value
unit basis disseminated during American Stock Exchange trading
hours should not be viewed as an actual real time update of the
NAV, because NAV is calculated only once at the end of each
trading day.
The indicative fund value will be disseminated on a per
unit basis every 15 seconds during regular American Stock
Exchange trading hours of 9:30 a.m. New York Time to 4:15 p.m.
New York Time. The normal trading hours of the New York
Mercantile Exchange are 10:00 am New York Time to 2:30 p.m. New
York Time. This means that there will be a gap in time at the
beginning and the end of each day during which USOFs units
will be traded on the American Stock Exchange, but real-time New
York Mercantile Exchange trading prices for oil futures
contracts traded on such Exchange will not be available. As a
result, during those gaps there will be no update to the
indicative fund value.
The American Stock Exchange will disseminate the indicative
fund value through the facilities of CTA/ CQ High Speed
Lines. In addition, the indicative fund value will be
published on the American Stock Exchange is website and will be
available through on-line information services such as Bloomberg
and Reuters.
Dissemination of the indicative fund value provides
additional information that is not otherwise available to the
public and is useful to investors and market professionals in
connection with the trading of USOF on the American Stock
Exchange. Investors and market professionals will be able
thorough out the trading day to compare the market price of USOF
and the indicative fund value. If the market price of USOF
diverges significantly from the indicative fund value,
market professionals will have an incentive to execute arbitrage
trades. For example, if USOF appears to be trading at a discount
compared to the indicative fund value, a market
professional could buy USOF units on the American Stock Exchange
and sell short oil future contracts. Such arbitrage trades can
tighten the tracking between the market price of USOF and the
indicative fund value and thus can be beneficial to all
market participants.
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In addition, other Oil Futures Contracts, Other Oil Interests
and Treasuries held by USOF will be valued by the Administrator,
using rates and points received from client approved third party
vendors (such as Reuters and WM Company) and advisor quotes.
These investments will not be included in the indicative value.
The indicative fund value is based on the prior days NAV
and moves up and down according to changes in near month Oil
Futures Contracts for WTI light, sweet oil traded on the New
York Mercantile Exchange.
Creation and Redemption of
units
USOF will create and redeem units from time to time, but only in
one or more Creation Baskets or Redemption Baskets. The
creation and redemption of baskets will only be made in exchange
for delivery to USOF or the distribution by USOF of the amount
of Treasuries and any cash represented by the baskets being
created or redeemed, the amount of which will be based on the
combined NAV of the number of units included in the baskets
being created or redeemed determined as of 4:00 p.m. New
York time on the day the order to create or redeem baskets is
properly received.
Authorized Purchasers will be the only persons that may place
orders to create and redeem baskets. Authorized Purchasers must
be (1) registered broker-dealers or other securities market
participants, such as banks and other financial institutions,
that are not required to register as broker-dealers to engage in
securities transactions as described below, and
(2) participants in the Depository Trust Company
(DTC). To become an Authorized Purchaser, a person
must enter into an Authorized Purchaser Agreement with the
Marketing Agent on behalf of USOF. The Authorized Purchaser
Agreement provides the procedures for the creation and
redemption of baskets and for the delivery of the Treasuries and
any cash required for such creations and redemptions. The
Authorized Purchaser Agreement and the related procedures
attached thereto may be amended by USOF, without the consent of
any unitholder or Authorized Purchaser. Authorized Purchasers
will pay a transaction fee of $1,000 to USOF for each order they
place to create or redeem one or more baskets. Authorized
Purchasers who make deposits with USOF in exchange for baskets
will receive no fees, commissions or other form of compensation
or inducement of any kind from either USOF or the General
Partner, and no such person will have any obligation or
responsibility to the General Partner or USOF to effect any sale
or resale of units.
Certain Authorized Purchasers are expected to have the facility
to participate directly in the physical oil market and the oil
futures market. In some cases, an Authorized Purchaser or its
affiliates may from time to time acquire oil from or sell oil
and may profit in these instances. The General Partner believes
that the size and operation of the oil market make it unlikely
that an Authorized Purchasers direct activities in the oil
or securities markets will impact the price of oil, Oil Futures
Contracts, or the price of the units.
Each Authorized Purchaser will be registered as a broker-dealer
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange
Act) and regulated by the NASD, or will be exempt from
being or otherwise will not be required to be so regulated or
registered, and will be qualified to act as a broker or dealer
in the states or other jurisdictions where the nature of its
business so requires. Certain Authorized Purchasers may be
regulated under federal and state banking laws and regulations.
Each Authorized Purchaser will have its own set of rules and
procedures, internal controls and information barriers as it
determines is appropriate in light of its own regulatory regime.
Under the Authorized Purchaser Agreement, the General Partner
and USOF have agreed to indemnify the Authorized Purchasers
against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the
Securities Act, and to contribute to the payments the Authorized
Purchasers may be required to make in respect of those
liabilities.
The following description of the procedures for the creation and
redemption of baskets is only a summary and an investor should
refer to the relevant provisions of the LP Agreement and the
form of Authorized Purchaser Agreement for more detail, each of
which is attached as an exhibit to the registration statement of
which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find
More Information for information about where you can
obtain the registration statement.
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On any business day, an Authorized Purchaser may place an order
with the Marketing Agent to create one or more baskets. For
purposes of processing purchase and redemption orders, a
business day means any day other than a day when any
of the American Stock Exchange, the New York Mercantile Exchange
or the New York Stock Exchange is closed for regular trading.
Purchase orders must be placed by 4:00 p.m. New York time or the
close of regular trading on the American Stock Exchange,
whichever is earlier. The day on which the Marketing Agent
receives a valid purchase order is the purchase order date.
By placing a purchase order, an Authorized Purchaser agrees to
deposit Treasuries with USOF, or a combination of Treasuries and
cash, as described below. Prior to the delivery of baskets for a
purchase order, the Authorized Purchaser must also have wired to
the Custodian the non-refundable transaction fee due for the
purchase order.
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Determination of required deposits |
The total deposit required to create each basket (Creation
Basket Deposit) will be an amount of Treasuries and cash
that is in the same proportion to the total assets of USOF (net
of estimated accrued but unpaid fees, expenses and other
liabilities) on the date the order to purchase is properly
received as the number of units to be created under the purchase
order is in proportion to the total number of units outstanding
on the date the order is received. The General Partner will
determine the requirements for Treasuries that may be included
in deposits to create baskets (i.e., the amount and the
maximum permitted remaining maturity of a Treasury). The amount
of cash deposit required will be the difference between the
aggregate market value of the Treasuries included in a Creation
Basket Deposit as of 4:00 p.m. New York time on the date the
order to purchase properly and the total required deposit.
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Delivery of required deposits |
An Authorized Purchaser who places a purchase order is
responsible for transferring USOFs account with the
Custodian the required amount of Treasuries and cash by the end
of the third business day following the purchase order date.
Upon receipt of the deposit amount, the Marketing Agent will
direct DTC to credit the number of baskets ordered to the
Authorized Purchasers DTC account on the third business
day following the purchase order date. The expense and risk of
delivery and ownership of Treasuries until such Treasuries have
been received by the Custodian on behalf of USOF shall be borne
solely by the Authorized Purchaser.
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Rejection of purchase orders |
The Marketing Agent may reject a purchase order or a Creation
Basket Deposit if:
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It determines that the purchase order or the Creation Basket
Deposit is not in proper form; |
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The General Partner believes that the purchase order or the
Creation Basket Deposit would have adverse tax consequences to
USOF or its unitholders; |
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The acceptance or receipt of the Creation Basket Deposit would,
in the opinion of counsel to the General Partner, be unlawful; or |
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Circumstances outside the control of the General Partner,
Marketing Agent or Custodian make it, for all practical
purposes, not feasible to process creations of baskets. |
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None of the General Partner, Marketing Agent or Custodian will
be liable for the rejection of any purchase order or Creation
Basket Deposit.
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The procedures by which an Authorized Purchaser can redeem one
or more baskets mirror the procedures for the creation of
baskets. On any business day, an Authorized Purchaser may place
an order with the Marketing Agent to redeem one or more baskets.
Redemption orders must be placed by 4:00 p.m. New York time
or the close of regular trading on the American Stock Exchange,
whichever is earlier. A redemption order so received will be
effective on the date it is received in satisfactory form by the
Marketing Agent. The redemption procedures allow Authorized
Purchasers to redeem baskets and do not entitle an individual
unitholder to redeem any units in an amount less than a basket,
or to redeem baskets other than through an Authorized Purchaser.
By placing a redemption order, an Authorized Purchaser agrees to
deliver the baskets to be redeemed through DTCs book-entry
system to USOF not later than the third business day following
the effective date of the redemption order. Prior to the
delivery of the redemption distribution for a redemption order,
the Authorized Purchaser must also have wired to USOFs
account at the Custodian the non-refundable transaction fee due
for the redemption order.
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Determination of Redemption Distribution |
The redemption distribution from USOF will consist of a transfer
to the redeeming Authorized Purchaser of an amount of Treasuries
and cash that is in the same proportion to the total assets of
USOF (net of estimated accrued but unpaid fees, expenses and
other liabilities) on the date the order to redeem is properly
received as the number of units to be redeemed under the
redemption order is in proportion to the total number of units
outstanding on the date the order is received. The General
Partner determines the redemption amount and the particular
Treasuries and cash to be distributed based on values as of
4:00 p.m. New York time on the day the redemption
order is received.
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Delivery of Redemption Distribution |
The redemption distribution due from USOF will be delivered to
the Authorized Purchaser on the third business day following the
redemption order date if, by 9:00 a.m. New York time on such
third business day, USOFs DTC account has been credited
with the baskets to be redeemed. If USOFs DTC account has
not been credited with all of the baskets to be redeemed by such
time, the redemption distribution will be delivered to the
extent of whole baskets received. Any remainder of the
redemption distribution will be delivered on the next business
day to the extent of remaining whole baskets received if USOF
receives the fee applicable to the extension of the redemption
distribution date which the General Partner may, from time to
time, determine and the remaining baskets to be redeemed are
credited to USOFs DTC account by 9:00 a.m. New York
time on such next business day. Any further outstanding amount
of the redemption order shall be cancelled. The Custodian will
also be authorized to deliver the redemption distribution
notwithstanding that the baskets to be redeemed are not credited
to USOFs DTC account by 9:00 a.m. New York time on
the third business day following the redemption order date if
the Authorized Purchaser has collateralized its obligation to
deliver the baskets through DTCs book entry-system on such
terms as the General Partner may from time to time determine.
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Suspension or Rejection of Redemption orders |
The General Partner may, in its discretion, suspend the right of
redemption, or postpone the redemption settlement date,
(1) for any period during which the American Stock Exchange
is closed other than customary weekend or holiday closings, or
trading on the American Stock Exchange is suspended or
restricted, (2) for any period during which an emergency
exists as a result of which delivery, disposal or evaluation of
Treasuries is not reasonably practicable, or (3) for such
other period as the General Partner determines to be necessary
for the protection of the unitholders. None of the General
Partner, the Marketing Agent or the Custodian will be liable to
any person or in any way for any loss or damages that may result
from any such suspension or postponement.
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The General Partner will reject a redemption order if the order
is not in proper form as described in the Authorized Purchaser
Agreement or if the fulfillment of the order, in the opinion of
its counsel, might be unlawful.
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Creation and Redemption Transaction Fee |
To compensate USOF for its expenses in connection with the
creation and redemption of baskets, an Authorized Purchaser is
required to pay a transaction fee to USOF of $1,000 per order to
create or redeem baskets. An order may include multiple baskets.
The transaction fee may be reduced, increased or otherwise
changed by the General Partner. The General Partner shall notify
DTC of any change in the transaction fee and will not implement
any increase in the fee for the redemption of baskets until
30 days after the date of the notice.
Authorized Purchasers are responsible for any transfer tax,
sales or use tax, recording tax, value added tax or similar tax
or governmental charge applicable to the creation or redemption
of baskets, regardless of whether or not such tax or charge is
imposed directly on the Authorized Purchaser, and agree to
indemnify the General Partner and USOF if they are required by
law to pay any such tax, together with any applicable penalties,
additions to tax or interest thereon.
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Secondary Market Transactions |
As noted, USOF will create and redeem units from time to time,
but only in one or more Creation Baskets or
Redemption Baskets. The creation and redemption of baskets
will only be made in exchange for delivery to USOF or the
distribution by USOF of the amount of Treasuries and any cash
represented by the baskets being created or redeemed, the amount
of which will be based on the combined NAV of the number of
units included in the Baskets being created or redeemed
determined on the day the order to create or redeem baskets is
properly received.
As discussed above, Authorized Purchasers are the only persons
that may place orders to create and redeem baskets. Authorized
Purchasers must be registered broker-dealers or other securities
market participants, such as banks and other financial
institutions that are not required to register as broker-dealers
to engage in securities transactions. An Authorized Purchaser is
under no obligation to create or redeem baskets, and an
Authorized Purchaser is under no obligation to offer to the
public units of any baskets it does create. Authorized
Purchasers that do offer to the public units from the baskets
they create will do so at a per-unit offering price that will
vary depending upon, among other factors, the trading price of
the units on the American Stock Exchange and the NAV at the time
of the offer. Units initially comprising the same basket but
offered by Authorized Purchasers to the public at different
times may have different offering prices. An order for one or
more baskets may be placed by an Authorized Purchaser on behalf
of multiple clients. Authorized Purchasers who make deposits
with USOF in exchange for baskets receive no fees, commissions
or other form of compensation or inducement of any kind from
either USOF or the General Partner, and no such person has any
obligation or responsibility to the General Partner or USOF to
effect any sale or resale of units. Units are expected to trade
in the secondary market on the American Stock Exchange. Units
may trade in the secondary market at prices that are lower or
higher relative to their NAV per unit. The amount of the
discount or premium in the trading price relative to the NAV per
unit may be influenced by various factors, including the number
of investors who seek to purchase or sell units in the secondary
market and the liquidity of the Oil Futures Contracts market and
the market for Other Oil Interests. While the units trade on the
American Stock Exchange until 4:15 p.m. New York time,
liquidity in the market for Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests may be reduced after the close of the New York
Mercantile Exchange at 2:30 p.m. New York time. As a
result, during this time, trading spreads, and the resulting
premium or discount, on the units may widen.
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Use of Proceeds
The General Partner will initially apply all of USOFs
assets toward trading in Oil Futures Contracts and other Oil
Interests and cash reserves. The General Partner has sole
authority to determine the percentage of assets that will be:
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held on deposit with the futures commission merchant or other
custodian |
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used for other investments, and |
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held in bank accounts to pay current obligations and as reserves. |
The General Partner expects to deposit substantially all of
USOFs net assets with the futures commission merchant or
other custodian for trading. When USOF purchases an Oil Futures
Contract and certain exchange traded Other Oil Interests, USOF
is required to deposit with the selling futures commission
merchant on behalf of the exchange a portion of the value of the
contract or other interest as security to ensure payment for the
obligation under oil interests at maturity. This deposit is
known as variation margin. USOF will invest the
remainder of its assets equal to the difference between the
margin deposited and the face value of the futures contract in
Treasuries.
The General Partner expects that all entities that will hold or
trade USOFs assets will be based in the United States and
will be subject to United States regulations.
The General Partner believes that 5% to 10% of USOFs
assets will normally be committed as margin for commodity
futures contracts. However, from time to time, the percentage of
assets committed as margin may be substantially more, or less,
than such range. The General Partner intends to invest the
balance of USOFs assets not invested in oil interests or
held in margin as reserves to be available for changes in
margin. All interest income will be used for USOFs benefit.
The futures commission merchant, government agency or commodity
exchange could increase margins applicable to USOF to hold
trading positions at any time. Moreover, margin is merely a
security deposit and has no bearing on the profit or loss
potential for any positions taken.
The Commodity Interest Markets
The Commodity Exchange Act or CEA governs the regulation of
commodity interest transactions, markets and intermediaries. In
December 2000, the CEA was amended by the Commodity Futures
Modernization Act of 2000, or CFMA, which substantially revised
the regulatory framework governing certain commodity interest
transactions and the markets on which they trade. The CEA, as
amended by the CFMA, now provides for varying degrees of
regulation of commodity interest transactions depending upon the
variables of the transaction. In general, these variables
include (1) the type of instrument being traded (e.g.,
contracts for future delivery, options, swaps or spot
contracts), (2) the type of commodity underlying the
instrument (distinctions are made between instruments based on
agricultural commodities, energy and metals commodities and
financial commodities), (3) the nature of the parties to
the transaction (retail, eligible contract participant, or
eligible commercial entity), (4) whether the transaction is
entered into on a principal-to-principal or intermediated basis,
(5) the type of market on which the transaction occurs, and
(6) whether the transaction is subject to clearing through
a clearing organization. Information regarding commodity
interest transactions, markets and intermediaries, and their
associated regulatory environment, is provided below.
A futures contract such as an Oil Futures Contract is a
standardized contract traded on, or subject to the rules of, an
exchange that calls for the future delivery of a specified
quantity and type of a commodity at a specified time and place.
Futures contracts are traded on a wide variety of commodities,
including agricultural products, bond, stock index, interest
rate, currency, energy and metal markets. The size and
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terms of futures contracts on a particular commodity are
identical and are not subject to any negotiation, other than
with respect to price and quantity between the buyer and seller.
The contractual obligations of a buyer or seller may be
satisfied by taking or making physical delivery of an approved
grade of commodity or by making an offsetting sale or purchase
of an identical futures contract on the same or linked exchange
before the designated date of delivery. The difference between
the price at which the futures contract is purchased or sold and
the price paid for the offsetting sale or purchase, after
allowance for brokerage commissions, constitutes the profit or
loss to the trader. Some futures contracts, such as stock index
contracts, settle in cash (reflecting the difference between the
contract purchase/sale price and the contract settlement price)
rather than by delivery of the underlying commodity.
In market terminology, a trader who purchases a futures contract
is long in the market and a trader who sells a futures contract
is short in the market. Before a trader closes out his long or
short position by an offsetting sale or purchase, his
outstanding contracts are known as open trades or open
positions. The aggregate amount of open positions held by
traders in a particular contract is referred to as the open
interest in such contract.
A forward contract is a contractual obligation to purchase or
sell a specified quantity of a commodity at or before a
specified date in the future at a specified price and,
therefore, is economically similar to a futures contract. Unlike
futures contracts, however, forward contracts are typically
traded in the over-the-counter markets and are not standardized
contracts. Forward contracts for a given commodity are generally
available in any size and maturity and are subject to individual
negotiation between the parties involved. Moreover, generally
there is no direct means of offsetting or closing out a forward
contract by taking an offsetting position as one would a futures
contract on a U.S. exchange. If a trader desires to close
out a forward contract position, he generally will establish an
opposite position in the contract but will settle and recognize
the profit or loss on both positions simultaneously on the
prompt date, or the delivery date. Thus, unlike in the futures
contract market where a trader who has offset positions will
recognize profit or loss immediately, in the forward market a
trader with a position that has been offset at a profit will
generally not receive such profit until the prompt date, and
likewise a trader with a position that has been offset at a loss
will generally not have to pay money until the prompt date. In
recent years, however, the terms of forward contracts have
become more standardized, and in some instances such contracts
now provide a right of offset or cash settlement as an
alternative to making or taking delivery of the underlying
commodity.
The forward markets provide what has typically been a highly
liquid market for foreign exchange trading, and in certain cases
the prices quoted for foreign exchange forward contracts may be
more favorable than the prices for foreign exchange futures
contracts traded on U.S. exchanges. The forward markets are
largely unregulated. Forward contracts are, in general, not
cleared or guaranteed by a third party. Commercial banks
participating in trading foreign exchange forward contracts
often do not require margin deposits, but rely upon internal
credit limitations and their judgments regarding the
creditworthiness of their counterparties. In recent years,
however, many over-the-counter market participants in foreign
exchange trading have begun to require that their counterparties
post margin.
Further, as the result of the CFMA, over-the-counter derivative
instruments such as forward contracts and swap agreements (and
options on forwards and physical commodities) may begin to be
traded on lightly-regulated exchanges or electronic trading
platforms that may, but are not required to, provide for
clearing facilities. Exchanges and electronic trading platforms
on which over-the-counter instruments may be traded and the
regulation and criteria for that trading are more fully
described below under Futures Exchanges and Clearing
Organizations. Nonetheless, absent a clearing facility,
USOFs trading in foreign exchange and other forward
contracts is exposed to the creditworthiness of the
counterparties on the other side of the trade.
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Options on Futures Contracts |
Options on futures contracts are standardized contracts traded
on an exchange. An option on futures contract gives the buyer of
the option the right, but not the obligation, to take a position
at a specified price (the striking, strike, or exercise price)
in the underlying futures contract or underlying interest. The
buyer of a call option acquires the right, but not the
obligation, to purchase or take a long position in the
underlying interest, and the buyer of a put option acquires the
right, but not the obligation, to sell or take a short position
in the underlying interest.
The seller, or writer, of an option is obligated to take a
position in the underlying interest at a specified price
opposite to the option buyer if the option is exercised. Thus,
the seller of a call option must stand ready to take a short
position in the underlying interest at the strike price if the
buyer should exercise the option. The seller of a put option, on
the other hand, must stand ready to take a long position in the
underlying interest at the strike price.
A call option is said to be in-the-money if the strike price is
below current market levels and out-of-the-money if the strike
price is above current market levels. Conversely, a put option
is said to be in-the-money if the strike price is above the
current market levels and out-of-the-money if the strike price
is below current market levels.
Options have limited life spans, usually tied to the delivery or
settlement date of the underlying interest. Some options,
however, expire significantly in advance of such date. The
purchase price of an option is referred to as its premium, which
consists of its intrinsic value plus its time value. As an
option nears its expiration date, the time value shrinks and the
market and intrinsic values move into parity. An option that is
out-of-the-money and not offset by the time it expires becomes
worthless. On certain exchanges, in-the-money options are
automatically exercised on their expiration date, but on others
unexercised options simply become worthless after their
expiration date.
Regardless of how much the market swings, the most an option
buyer can lose is the option premium. The option buyer deposits
his premium with his broker, and the money goes to the option
seller. Option sellers, on the other hand, face risks similar to
participants in the futures markets. For example, since the
seller of a call option is assigned a short futures position if
the option is exercised, his risk is the same as someone who
initially sold a futures contract. Because no one can predict
exactly how the market will move, the option seller posts margin
to demonstrate his ability to meet any potential contractual
obligations.
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Options on Forward Contracts or Commodities |
Options on forward contracts or commodities operate in a manner
similar to options on futures contracts. An option on a forward
contract or commodity gives the buyer of the option the right,
but not the obligation, to take a position at a specified price
in the underlying forward contract or commodity. However,
similar to forward contracts, options on forward contracts or on
commodities are individually negotiated contracts between
counterparties and are typically traded in the over-the-counter
market. Therefore, options on forward contracts and physical
commodities possess many of the same characteristics of forward
contracts with respect to offsetting positions and credit risk
that are described above.
Swap transactions generally involve contracts with a
counterparty to exchange a stream of payments computed by
reference to a notional amount and the price of the asset that
is the subject of the swap. Swap contracts are principally
traded off-exchange, although recently, as a result of
regulatory changes enacted as part of the CFMA, certain swap
contracts are now being traded in electronic trading facilities
and cleared through clearing organizations.
Swaps are usually entered into on a net basis, that is, the two
payment streams are netted out in a cash settlement on the
payment date or dates specified in the agreement, with the
parties receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net
amount of the two payments. Swaps do not generally involve the
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delivery of underlying assets or principal. Accordingly, the
risk of loss with respect to swaps is generally limited to the
net amount of payments that the party is contractually obligated
to make. In some swap transactions the counterparty may require
collateral deposits to support the obligation under the swap
agreement. If the counterparty to such a swap defaults, the risk
of loss consists of the net amount of payments that the party is
contractually entitled to receive in addition to any collateral
deposits made with the counterparty.
The two broad classes of persons who trade commodities are
hedgers and speculators. Hedgers include financial institutions
that manage or deal in interest rate-sensitive instruments,
foreign currencies or stock portfolios, and commercial market
participants, such as farmers and manufacturers, that market or
process commodities. Hedging is a protective procedure designed
to lock in profits that could otherwise be lost due to an
adverse movement in the underlying commodity, for example, the
adverse price movement between the time a merchandiser or
processor enters into a contract to buy or sell a raw or
processed commodity at a certain price and the time he must
perform the contract. In such a case, at the time the hedger
contracts to buy the commodity at a future date he will
simultaneously buy a futures or forward contract for the
necessary equivalent quantity of the commodity. At the time for
performance of the contract, the hedger may accept delivery
under his futures contract or he may buy the actual commodity
and close out his position by making an offsetting sale of a
futures contract.
The commodity interest markets enable the hedger to shift the
risk of price fluctuations. The usual objective of the hedger is
to protect the profit that he expects to earn from farming,
merchandising, or processing operations rather than to profit
from his trading. However, at times the impetus for a hedge
transaction may result in part from speculative objectives.
Unlike the hedger, the speculator generally expects neither to
make nor take delivery of the underlying commodity. Instead, the
speculator risks his capital with the hope of making profits
from price fluctuations in the commodities. The speculator is,
in effect, the risk bearer who assumes the risks that the hedger
seeks to avoid. Speculators rarely make or take delivery of the
underlying commodity; rather they attempt to close out their
positions prior to the delivery date. Because the speculator may
take either a long or short position in commodities, it is
possible for him to make profits or incur losses regardless of
whether prices go up or down.
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Futures Exchanges and Clearing Organizations |
Futures exchanges provide centralized market facilities in which
multiple persons have the ability to execute or trade contracts
by accepting bids and offers from multiple participants. Futures
exchanges may provide for execution of trades at a physical
location utilizing trading pits and/or may provide for trading
to be done electronically through computerized matching of bids
and offers pursuant to various algorithms. Members of a
particular exchange and the trades executed on such exchanges
are subject to the rules of that exchange. Futures exchanges and
clearing organizations are given reasonable latitude in
promulgating rules and regulations to control and regulate their
members. Examples of regulations by exchanges and clearing
organizations include the establishment of initial margin
levels, rules regarding trading practices, contract
specifications, speculative position limits, daily price
fluctuation limits, and execution and clearing fees.
Clearing organizations provide services designed to mutualize or
transfer the credit risk arising from the trading of contracts
on an exchange or other electronic trading facility. Once trades
made between members of an exchange or electronic trading
facility have been confirmed, the clearing organization becomes
substituted for the clearing member acting on behalf of each
buyer and each seller of contracts traded on the exchange or
trading platform and in effect becomes the other party to the
trade. Thereafter, each clearing member party to the trade looks
only to the clearing organization for performance. The clearing
organization generally establishes some sort of security or
guarantee fund to which all clearing members of the exchange
must contribute; this fund acts as an emergency buffer that
enables the clearing
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organization, at least to a large degree, to meet its
obligations with regard to the other side of an insolvent
clearing members contracts. The clearing organizations do
not deal with customers, but only with their member firms and
the guarantee of performance for open positions provided by the
clearing organization does not run to customers. Furthermore,
the clearing organization requires margin deposits and
continuously marks positions to market to provide some assurance
that their members will be able to fulfill their contractual
obligations. Thus, a central function of the clearing
organization is to ensure the integrity of trades, and members
effecting transactions on an exchange need not concern
themselves with the solvency of the party on the opposite side
of the trade; their only remaining concerns are the respective
solvencies of their clearing broker and the clearing
organization.
Futures exchanges in the United States are subject to
varying degrees of regulation by the CFTC based on their
designation as one of the following: a designated contract
market, a derivatives transaction execution facility, an exempt
board of trade or an electronic trading facility.
A designated contract market is the most highly regulated level
of futures exchange. Designated contract markets may offer
products to retail customers on an unrestricted basis. To be
designated as a contract market, the exchange must demonstrate
that it satisfies specified general criteria for designation,
such as having the ability to prevent market manipulation, rules
and procedures to ensure fair and equitable trading, position
limits, dispute resolution procedures, minimization of conflicts
of interest and protection of market participants. Among the
principal designated contract markets in the United States are
the Chicago Board of Trade, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and
the New York Mercantile Exchange. Each of the designated
contract markets in the United States must provide for the
clearance and settlement of transactions with a CFTC-registered
derivatives clearing organization.
A derivatives transaction execution facility, or DTEF, is a new
type of exchange that is subject to fewer regulatory
requirements than a designated contract market but is subject to
both commodity interest and participant limitations. DTEFs limit
access to eligible traders that qualify as either eligible
contract participants or eligible commercial entities for
futures and option contracts on commodities that have a nearly
inexhaustible deliverable supply, are highly unlikely to be
susceptible to the threat of manipulation, or have no cash
market, security futures products, and futures and option
contracts on commodities that the CFTC may determine, on a
case-by-case basis, are highly unlikely to be susceptible to the
threat of manipulation. In addition, certain commodity interests
excluded or exempt from the CEA, such as swaps, etc. may be
traded on a DTEF. There is no requirement that a DTEF use a
clearing organization, except with respect to trading in
security futures contracts, in which case the clearing
organization must be a securities clearing agency. However, if
futures contracts and options on futures contracts on a DTEF are
cleared, then it must be through a CFTC-registered derivatives
clearing organization, except that some excluded or exempt
commodities traded on a DTEF may be cleared through a clearing
organization other than one registered with the CFTC.
An exempt board of trade is also a newly designated form of
exchange. An exempt board of trade is substantially unregulated,
subject only to CFTC anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority.
An exempt board of trade is permitted to trade futures contracts
and options on futures contracts provided that the underlying
commodity is not a security or securities index and has an
inexhaustible deliverable supply or no cash market. All traders
on an exempt board of trade must qualify as eligible contract
participants. Contracts deemed eligible to be traded on an
exempt board of trade include contracts on interest rates,
exchange rates, currencies, credit risks or measures, debt
instruments, measures of inflation, or other macroeconomic
indices or measures. There is no requirement that an exempt
board of trade use a clearing organization. However, if
contracts on an exempt board of trade are cleared, then it must
be through a CFTC-registered derivatives clearing organization.
A board of trade electing to operate as an exempt board of trade
must file a written notification with the CFTC.
An electronic trading facility, electronic trading facility, is
a new form of exchange that operates by means of an electronic
or telecommunications network and maintains an automated audit
trail of bids,
47
offers, and the matching of orders or the execution of
transactions on the electronic trading facility. The CEA does
not apply to, and the CFTC has no jurisdiction over,
transactions on an electronic trading facility in certain
excluded commodities that are entered into between principals
that qualify as eligible contract participants, subject only to
CFTC anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority. In general,
excluded commodities include interest rates, currencies,
securities, securities indices or other financial, economic or
commercial indices or measures.
The General Partner intends to monitor the development of and
opportunities and risks presented by the new less-regulated
Exchanges and exempt boards and may, in the future, allocate a
percentage of USOFs assets to trading in products on these
exchanges. Provided USOF maintains assets exceeding
$5 million, USOF would qualify as an eligible contract
participant and thus would be able to trade on such exchanges.
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Non-U.S. Futures Exchanges |
Non-U.S. futures exchanges differ in certain respects from
their U.S. counterparts. Importantly, non-U.S. futures
exchanges are not subject to regulation by the CFTC, but rather
are regulated by their home country regulator. In contrast to
U.S. designated contract markets, some
non-U.S. exchanges are principals markets, where
trades remain the liability of the traders involved, and the
exchange or an affiliated clearing organization, if any, does
not become substituted for any party. Due to the absence of a
clearing system, such exchanges are significantly more
susceptible to disruptions. Further, participants in such
markets must often satisfy themselves as to the individual
creditworthiness of each entity with which they enter into a
trade. Trading on non-U.S. exchanges is often in the
currency of the exchanges home jurisdiction. Consequently,
USOF is subject to the additional risk of fluctuations in the
exchange rate between such currencies and U.S. dollars and
the possibility that exchange controls could be imposed in the
future. Trading on non-U.S. exchanges may differ from
trading on U.S. exchanges in a variety of ways and,
accordingly, may subject USOF to additional risks.
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Speculative Position Limits |
The CFTC and U.S. designated contract markets have
established limits or position accountability rules, referred to
as speculative position limits or position limits, on the
maximum net long or net short speculative position that any
person or group of persons under common trading control (other
than a hedger, which USOF is not) may hold, own or control in
commodity interests. Among the purposes of speculative position
limits is to prevent a corner or squeeze on a market or undue
influence on prices by any single trader or group of traders.
The position limits established by the CFTC apply to certain
agricultural commodity interests, such as grains (oats, barley,
and flaxseed), soybeans, corn, wheat, cotton, eggs, rye, and
potatoes. In addition, U.S. exchanges may set position
limits for all commodity interests traded on that exchange.
Certain exchanges or clearing organizations also set limits on
the total net positions that may be held by a clearing broker.
In general, no position limits are in effect in forward or other
over-the-counter contract trading or in trading on
non-U.S. futures exchanges, although the principals with
which USOF and the clearing brokers may trade in such markets
may impose such limits as a matter of credit policy. For
purposes of determining position limits USOFs commodity
interest positions will not be attributable to investors in
their own commodity interest trading.
Most U.S. futures exchanges (but generally not
non-U.S. exchanges or, in the case of forward or
over-the-counter contracts, banks or dealers) may limit the
amount of fluctuation in some futures contract or options on
futures contract prices during a single trading day by
regulations. These regulations specify what are referred to as
daily price fluctuation limits or more commonly, daily limits.
The daily limits establish the maximum amount that the price of
a futures or options on futures contract may vary either up or
down from the previous days settlement price. Once the
daily limit has been reached in a particular futures or options
on futures contract, no trades may be made at a price beyond the
limit. Positions in the futures or options contract may then be
taken or liquidated, if at all, only at inordinate expense or if
48
traders are willing to effect trades at or within the limit
during the period for trading on such day. Because the daily
limit rule governs price movement only for a particular trading
day, it does not limit losses and may in fact substantially
increase losses because it may prevent the liquidation of
unfavorable positions. Futures contract prices have occasionally
moved the daily limit for several consecutive trading days, thus
preventing prompt liquidation of positions and subjecting the
trader to substantial losses for those days.
Commodity prices are volatile and, although ultimately
determined by the interaction of supply and demand, are subject
to many other influences, including the psychology of the
marketplace and speculative assessments of future world and
economic events. Political climate, interest rates, treaties,
balance of payments, exchange controls and other governmental
interventions as well as numerous other variables affect the
commodity markets, and even with comparatively complete
information it is impossible for any trader to predict reliably
commodity prices.
Futures exchanges in the United States are subject to varying
degrees of regulation under the CEA depending on whether such
exchange is a designated contract market, DTEF, exempt board of
trade or ETF. Derivatives clearing organizations are also
subject to the CEA and CFTC regulation. The CFTC is the
governmental agency charged with responsibility for regulation
of futures exchanges and commodity interest trading conducted on
those exchanges. The CFTCs function is to implement the
CEAs objectives of preventing price manipulation and
excessive speculation and promoting orderly and efficient
commodity interest markets. In addition, the various exchanges
and clearing organizations themselves exercise regulatory and
supervisory authority over their member firms.
The CFTC possesses exclusive jurisdiction to regulate the
activities of commodity pool operators and commodity trading
advisors and has adopted regulations with respect to the
activities of those persons and/or entities. Under the CEA, a
registered commodity pool operator, such as the General Partner,
is required to make annual filings with the CFTC describing its
organization, capital structure, management and controlling
persons. In addition, the CEA authorizes the CFTC to require and
review books and records of, and documents prepared by,
registered commodity pool operators. Pursuant to this authority,
the CFTC requires commodity pool operators to keep accurate,
current and orderly records for each pool that they operate. The
CFTC may suspend the registration of a commodity pool operator
(1) if the CFTC finds that the operators trading
practices tend to disrupt orderly market conditions, (2) if
any controlling person of the operator is subject to an order of
the CFTC denying such person trading privileges on any exchange,
and (3) in certain other circumstances. Suspension,
restriction or termination of the General Partners
registration as a commodity pool operator would prevent it,
until that registration were to be reinstated, from managing
USOF, and might result in the termination of, USOF. USOF itself
is not required to be registered with the CFTC in any capacity.
The CEA gives the CFTC similar authority with respect to the
activities of commodity trading advisors. If a trading
advisors commodity trading advisor registration were to be
terminated, restricted or suspended, the trading advisor would
be unable, until the registration were to be reinstated, to
render trading advice to USOF.
The CEA requires all futures commission merchants, such as
USOFs clearing brokers, to meet and maintain specified
fitness and financial requirements, to segregate customer funds
from proprietary funds and account separately for all
customers funds and positions, and to maintain specified
books and records open to inspection by the staff of the CFTC.
The CFTC has similar authority over introducing brokers, or
persons who solicit or accept orders for commodity interest
trades but who do not accept margin deposits for the execution
of trades. The CEA authorizes the CFTC to regulate trading by
futures commission merchants and by their officers and
directors, permits the CFTC to require action by exchanges in
the event of market emergencies, and establishes an
administrative procedure under which customers may
49
institute complaints for damages arising from alleged violations
of the CEA. The CEA also gives the states powers to enforce its
provisions and the regulations of the CFTC.
USOFs investors are afforded prescribed rights for
reparations under the CEA. Investors may also be able to
maintain a private right of action for violations of the CEA.
The CFTC has adopted rules implementing the reparation
provisions of the CEA, which provide that any person may file a
complaint for a reparations award with the CFTC for violation of
the CEA against a floor broker or a futures commission merchant,
introducing broker, commodity trading advisor, commodity pool
operator, and their respective associated persons.
Pursuant to authority in the CEA, the NFA has been formed and
registered with the CFTC as a registered futures association. At
the present time, the NFA is the only self-regulatory
organization for commodity interest professionals, other than
futures exchanges. The CFTC has delegated to the NFA
responsibility for the registration of commodity trading
advisors, commodity pool operators, futures commission
merchants, introducing brokers, and their respective associated
persons and floor brokers. The General Partner, each trading
advisor, the selling agents and the clearing brokers are members
of the NFA. As such, they are subject to NFA standards relating
to fair trade practices, financial condition and consumer
protection. USOF itself is not required to become a member of
the NFA. As the self-regulatory body of the commodity interest
industry, the NFA promulgates rules governing the conduct of
professionals and disciplines those professionals that do not
comply with these rules. The NFA also arbitrates disputes
between members and their customers and conducts registration
and fitness screening of applicants for membership and audits of
its existing members.
The regulations of the CFTC and the NFA prohibit any
representation by a person registered with the CFTC or by any
member of the NFA, that registration with the CFTC, or
membership in the NFA, in any respect indicates that the CFTC or
the NFA, as the case may be, has approved or endorsed that
person or that persons trading program or objectives. The
registrations and memberships of the parties described in this
summary must not be considered as constituting any such approval
or endorsement. Likewise, no futures exchange has given or will
give any similar approval or endorsement.
The regulation of commodity interest trading in the United
States and other countries is an evolving area of the law. The
various statements made in this summary are subject to
modification by legislative action and changes in the rules and
regulations of the CFTC, the NFA, the futures exchanges,
clearing organizations and other regulatory bodies.
The function of the CFTC is to implement the objectives of the
CEA of preventing price manipulation and other disruptions to
market integrity, avoiding systemic risk, preventing fraud and
promoting innovation, competition and financial integrity of
transactions. As mentioned above, this regulation, among other
things, provides that the trading of commodity interest
contracts generally must be upon exchanges designated as
contract markets or DTEFs and that all trading on those
exchanges must be done by or through exchange members. Under the
CFMA, commodity interest trading in some commodities between
sophisticated persons may be traded on a trading facility not
regulated by the CFTC. As a general matter, trading in spot
contracts, forward contracts, options on forward contracts or
commodities, or swap contracts between eligible contract
participants is not within the jurisdiction of the CFTC and may
therefore be effectively unregulated. The trading advisors may
engage in those transactions on behalf of USOF in reliance on
this exclusion from regulation.
In general, the CFTC does not regulate the interbank and forward
foreign currency markets with respect to transactions in
contracts between certain sophisticated counterparties such as
USOF or between certain regulated institutions and retail
investors. Although U.S. banks are regulated in various
ways by the Federal Reserve Board, the Comptroller of the
Currency and other U.S. federal and state banking
officials, banking authorities do not regulate the forward
markets.
While the U.S. government does not currently impose any
restrictions on the movements of currencies, it could choose to
do so. The imposition or relaxation of exchange controls in
various jurisdictions could significantly affect the market for
that and other jurisdictions currencies. Trading in the
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interbank market also exposes USOF to a risk of default since
failure of a bank with which USOF had entered into a forward
contract would likely result in a default and thus possibly
substantial losses to USOF.
The CFTC is prohibited by statute from regulating trading on
non-U.S. futures exchanges and markets. The CFTC, however,
has adopted regulations relating to the marketing of
non-U.S. futures contracts in the United States. These
regulations permit certain contracts traded on
non-U.S. exchanges to be offered and sold in the United
States.
Original or initial margin is the minimum amount of funds that
must be deposited by a commodity interest trader with the
traders broker to initiate and maintain an open position
in futures contracts. Maintenance margin is the amount
(generally less than the original margin) to which a
traders account may decline before he must deliver
additional margin. A margin deposit is like a cash performance
bond. It helps assure the traders performance of the
futures contracts that he or she purchases or sells. Futures
contracts are customarily bought and sold on margin that
represents a very small percentage (ranging upward from less
than 2%) of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the
contract. Because of such low margin requirements, price
fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits
and losses that, in relation to the amount invested, are greater
than are customary in other forms of investment or speculation.
The amount of margin required in connection with a particular
futures contract is set from time to time by the exchange on
which the contract is traded and may be modified from time to
time by the exchange during the term of the contract.
Brokerage firms, such as USOFs clearing brokers, carrying
accounts for traders in commodity interest contracts may not
accept lower, and generally require higher, amounts of margin as
a matter of policy to further protect themselves. The clearing
brokers require Fund to make margin deposits equal to exchange
minimum levels for all commodity interest contracts. This
requirement may be altered from time to time in the clearing
brokers discretion.
Trading in the over-the-counter markets where no clearing
facility is provided generally does not require margin but
generally does require the extension of credit between
counterparties.
When a trader purchases an option, there is no margin
requirement; however, the option premium must be paid in full.
When a trader sells an option, on the other hand, he or she is
required to deposit margin in an amount determined by the margin
requirements established for the underlying interest and, in
addition, an amount substantially equal to the current premium
for the option. The margin requirements imposed on the selling
of options, although adjusted to reflect the probability that
out-of-the-money options will not be exercised, can in fact be
higher than those imposed in dealing in the futures markets
directly. Complicated margin requirements apply to spreads and
conversions, which are complex trading strategies in which a
trader acquires a mixture of options positions and positions in
the underlying interest.
Margin requirements are computed each day by a traders
clearing broker. When the market value of a particular open
commodity interest position changes to a point where the margin
on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a
margin call is made by the broker. If the margin call is not met
within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the
traders position. With respect to USOFs trading,
USOF (and not its investors personally) is subject to margin
calls.
Finally, many major U.S. exchanges have passed certain
cross margining arrangements involving procedures pursuant to
which the futures and options positions held in an account
would, in the case of some accounts, be aggregated and margin
requirements would be assessed on a portfolio basis, measuring
the total risk of the combined positions.
51
Potential Advantages of Investment
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The Advantages of Non-Correlation |
Given that historically, the price of oil and of Oil Futures
Contracts and Other Oil Interests has had very little
correlation to the stock and bond markets, the General Partner
believes that the performance of USOF should also exhibit a
substantial degree of non-correlation with the performance of
traditional equity and debt portfolio components, in part
because of the ease of selling commodity interests short. This
feature of many commodity interest contracts being
able to be long or short a commodity interest position with
similar ease means that profit and loss from
commodity interest trading is not dependent upon economic
prosperity or stability.
However, non-correlation will not provide any diversification
advantages unless the non-correlated assets are outperforming
other portfolio assets, and it is entirely possible that USOF
may not outperform other sectors of an investors
portfolio, or may produce losses. Additionally, although adding
USOFs units to an investors portfolio may provide
diversification, USOF Fund is not a hedging mechanism
vis-à-vis traditional debt and equity portfolio components
and you should not assume that USOF units will appreciate during
periods of inflation or stock and bond market declines.
Non-correlated performance should not be confused with
negatively correlated performance. Negative correlation occurs
when the performance of two asset classes are in opposite
direction to each other. Non-correlation means only that
USOFs performance will likely have little relation to the
performance of equity and debt instruments, reflecting the
General Partners belief that certain factors that affect
equity and debt prices may affect USOF Fund differently and that
certain factors that affect equity and debt prices may not
affect USOF at all. USOFs net asset value per unit may
decline or increase more or less than equity and debt
instruments during both rising and falling cash markets. The
General Partner does not expect that USOFs performance
will be negatively correlated to general debt and equity markets.
Unlike some alternative investment funds, USOF does not borrow
money in order to obtain leverage, so USOF does not incur any
interest expense. Rather, USOFs margin deposits are
maintained in Treasuries and interest is earned on 100% of
USOFs available assets, which include unrealized profits
credited to USOFs accounts.
Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations
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Critical Accounting Policies |
Preparation of the financial statements and related disclosures
in compliance with accounting principles generally accepted in
the United States of America requires the application of
appropriate accounting rules and guidance, as well as the use of
estimates. USOFs application of these policies involves
judgments and actual results may differ from the estimates used.
The General Partner has evaluated the nature and types of
estimates that it will make in preparing USOFs financial
statements and related disclosures once USOF commences trading
operations and has determined that the valuation of its
investments which are not traded on a United States or
internationally recognized futures exchange (such as forward
contracts and over-the-counter contracts) involves a critical
accounting policy. While not currently applicable given the fact
that USOF is not currently involved in trading activities, the
values which will be used by USOF for its forward contracts will
be provided by its commodity broker who will use market prices
when available, while over-the-counter contracts will be valued
based on the present value of estimated future cash flows that
would be received from or paid to a third party in settlement of
these derivative contracts prior to their delivery date and will
be valued on a daily basis.
52
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Liquidity and Capital Resources |
USOF will generate cash primarily from (i) the sale of
Creation Baskets and (ii) interest earned on cash and its
investments in Treasuries. As of
[December ], 2005, USOF has
not begun trading activities. Once USOF begins trading
activities, it is anticipated that all of its net assets will be
allocated to trading in oil interests. A significant portion of
the net asset value will be held in Treasuries and cash that
could or will be used as margin for USOFs trading in Oil
Interests. The percentage that Treasuries will bear to the total
net assets will vary from period to period as the market values
of the oil interests change. The balance of the net assets will
be held in USOFs Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests trading account. Interest earned on USOFs
interest bearing-funds will be paid to USOF.
USOFs investment in oil interests will be subject of
periods of illiquidity because of market conditions, regulatory
considerations and other reasons. For example, commodity
exchanges limit the fluctuations in Oil Futures Contracts prices
during a single day by regulations referred to as daily
limits. During a single day, no trades may be executed at
prices beyond the daily limit. Once the price of an Oil Futures
Contract has increased or decreased by an amount equal to the
daily limit, positions in the contracts can neither be taken or
liquidated unless the traders are willing to effect trades at or
within the limit. Such market conditions could prevent USOF from
promptly liquidating its positions in Oil Futures Contracts.
To date, all of USOFs and the General Partners
expenses have been funded by their affiliates. These affiliates
are under no obligation to continue payment of USOFs or
the General Partners expenses. If such affiliates were to
discontinue the payment of these expenses and the General
Partner and USOF are unsuccessful in raising sufficient funds to
cover USOFs expenses or in locating any other source of
funding, USOF will terminate and investors may lose all or part
of their investment.
Trading in Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil Interests such as
forwards will involve USOF entering into contractual commitments
to purchase or sell oil at a specified date in the future. The
gross or face amount of the contracts will significantly exceed
USOFs future cash requirements since USOF intends to close
out its open positions prior to settlement. As a result, USOF
should only be subject only to the risk of loss arising from the
change in value of the contracts. USOF considers the fair
value of its derivative instruments to be the unrealized
gain or loss on the contracts. The market risk associated with
USOFs commitments to purchase oil will be limited to the
gross of face amount of the contacts held. However, should USOF
enter into a contractual commitment to sell oil, it would be
required to make delivery of the oil at the contract price,
repurchase the contract at prevailing prices or settle in cash.
Since there are no limits on the future price of oil, the market
risk to USOF could be unlimited.
USOFs exposure to market risk will depend on a number of
factors including the markets for oil, the volatility of
interest rates and foreign exchange rates, the liquidity of the
Oil Contracts and Other Oil Interests markets and the
relationships among the contracts held by USOF. The limited
experience that USOF has had in utilizing its model to trade in
oil interests in a manner intended to track the Spot Price of
oil, as well as drastic market occurrences, could ultimately
lead to the loss of all or substantially al of an investors
capital.
When USOF enters into Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests, it will be exposed to the credit risk that its
counterparty will not be able to meet its obligations. The
counterparty for the Oil Futures Contracts traded on the New
York Mercantile Exchange and on most other foreign futures
exchanges is the clearinghouse associated with the particular
exchange. In general, clearinghouses are backed by their members
who may be required to share in the financial burden resulting
from the nonperformance of one of their members that should
significantly reduce credit risk. Some foreign exchanges are not
backed by their clearinghouse members but may be backed by a
consortium of banks or
53
other financial institutions. There can be no assurance that any
counterparty, clearing house, or their financial backers will
satisfy their obligations to USOF.
The General Partner will attempt to manage the and credit risk
of USOF by following various trading limitations and policies.
In particular, USOF intends to post margin and/or hold liquid
assets that will be approximately equal to the face amount of
its obligations to counterparties under the Oil Futures
Contracts and Other Oil Interests it holds. The General Partner
will implement procedures that will include, but will not be
limited to, executing and clearing trades only with creditworthy
parties and/or requiring the posting of collateral or margin by
such parties for the benefit of USOF to limit its credit
exposure.
ABN AMRO, USOFs commodity broker, or any other broker that
may be retained by USOF in the future, when acting as
USOFs futures commission merchant in accepting orders to
purchase or sell Oil Futures Contracts on United States
exchanges, will be required by CFTC regulations to separately
account for and segregate as belonging to USOF, all assets of
USOF relating to domestic Oil Futures Contracts trading. These
commodity brokers are not allowed to commingle USOFs
assets with their other assets. In addition, the CFTC requires
commodity brokers to hold in a secure account the USOF assets
related to foreign Oil Futures Contract trading.
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Off Balance Sheet Financing |
As of [December ], 2005, USOF
has no loan guarantee, credit support or other off-balance sheet
arrangements of any kind other than agreements entered into in
the normal course of business, which may include indemnification
provisions relating to certain risks service providers undertake
in performing services which are in the best interests of USOF.
While USOFs exposure under these indemnification
provisions cannot be estimated, they are not expected to have a
material impact on USOFs financial position.
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Redemption Basket Obligation |
Other than as necessary to meet its investment objective and pay
its contractual obligations described below, USOF will require
liquidity to redeem Redemption Baskets. USOF intends to
satisfy this obligation through the transfer of its Treasuries
or cash in an amount of proportionate to the number of Units
being redeemed, as described above under Determination of
Redemption Distribution.
USOFs primary contractual obligations will be with the
General Partner and ABN AMRO. In return for its services, the
General Partner will be entitled to a management fee calculated
as a fixed percentage of USOFs NAV, currently .50% for an
NAV of $1 billion or less, and thereafter .20% of the NAV
above $1 billion. The General Partner or its affiliate,
Wainwright, has agreed to pay the start-up costs associated with
the formation of USOF, primarily its legal, accounting and other
costs in connection with its registration with the CFTC as a CPO
and the registration and listing of USOF with the SEC and the
American Stock Exchange, respectively. The General Partner has
agreed to pay the fees of the Custodian and transfer agent,
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., as well as Brown
Brothers Harriman & Co.s fees for performing
administrative services, including in connection with
USOFs preparation of its financial statements and its SEC
and CFTC reports. The General Partner will also pay the fees of
USOFs accountants as well as those of its Marketing Agent.
In addition to the General Partners management fee, USOF
pays its brokerage fees, over-the-counter dealer spreads, and
extraordinary expenses. The latter are expenses not in the
ordinary course of its business, including the indemnification
of any person against liabilities and obligations to the extent
permitted by law and under the LP agreement, the bringing or
defending of actions in law or in equity or otherwise conducting
litigation and incurring legal expenses and the settlement of
claims and litigation. Commission payments to ABN Amro are on a
contract-by-contract, or round turn, basis.
54
The General Partner cannot anticipate the amount of payments
that will be required under these arrangements for future
periods as USOFs net asset values and trading levels to
meet its investment objectives will not be known until a future
date. These agreements are effective for a specific term agreed
upon by the parties with an option to renew, or, in some cases,
are in effect for the duration of USOFs existence. Either
party may terminate these agreements earlier for certain reasons
listed in the agreements.
Limited Partnership Agreement
The following paragraphs are a summary of certain provisions of
our LP Agreement. The following discussion is qualified in its
entirety by reference to our LP Agreement.
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Authority of the General Partner |
Our General Partner is generally authorized to perform all acts
deemed necessary to carry out these purposes and to conduct our
business. Our partnership existence will continue into
perpetuity, until terminated in accordance with our LP
Agreement. Our General Partner has a power of attorney to take
certain actions, including the execution and filing of
documents, on our behalf and with respect to our LP Agreement.
However, our partnership agreement limits the authority of our
General Partner as follows:
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Other than in connection with the issuance or redemption of
units, or upon termination of the partnership as contemplated by
the LP Agreement, the General Partner may not sell, exchange or
otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the
partnerships assets in a single transaction or a series of
related transactions (including by way of merger, consolidation
or other combination with any other person) or approve on behalf
of the partnership the sale, exchange or other disposition of
all or substantially all of the assets of all of the
partnership, taken as a whole, without the approval of at least
a majority of the limited partners; provided, however, that this
provision shall not preclude or limit the General Partners
ability to mortgage, pledge, hypothecate or grant a security
interest in all or substantially all of the partnerships
assets and shall not apply to any forced sale of any or all of
the partnerships assets pursuant to the foreclosure of, or
other realization upon, any such encumbrance. |
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The General Partner is not authorized to institute or initiate
on behalf of, or otherwise cause, the partnership to
(a) make a general assignment for the benefit of creditors;
(b) file a voluntary bankruptcy petition; or (c) file
a petition seeking for the partnership a reorganization,
arrangement, composition, readjustment liquidation, dissolution
or similar relief under any law. |
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The General Partner may not, without written approval of the
specific act by all of the limited partners or by other written
instrument executed and delivered by all of the limited partners
subsequent to the date of the LP Agreement, take any action in
contravention of the LP Agreement, including, without
limitation, (i) any act that would make it impossible to
carry on the ordinary business of the partnership, except as
otherwise provided in the LP Agreement; (ii) possess
partnership property, or assign any rights in specific
partnership property, for other than a partnership purpose;
(iii) admit a person as a partner, except as otherwise
provided in the LP Agreement; (iv) amend the LP Agreement
in any manner, except as otherwise provided in the LP Agreement
or applicable law; or (v) transfer its interest as General
Partner of the partnership, except as otherwise provided in the
LP Agreement. |
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In general, our General Partner may not take any action, or
refuse to take any reasonable action, the effect of which would
be to cause us to be taxable as a corporation or to be treated
as an association taxable as a corporation for federal income
tax purposes, without the consent of the holders of at least
662/3
percent of the outstanding voting units, including units owned
by our General Partner and its affiliates. |
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Withdrawal or removal of our General Partner |
The General Partner shall be deemed to have withdrawn from the
partnership upon the occurrence of any one of the following
events:
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the General Partner voluntarily withdraws from the partnership
by giving written notice to the other Partners; |
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the General Partner transfers all of its rights as General
Partner; |
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the General Partner is removed; |
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the General Partner (A) makes a general assignment for the
benefit of creditors; (B) files a voluntary bankruptcy
petition; (C) files a petition or answer seeking for itself
a reorganization, arrangement, composition, readjustment
liquidation, dissolution or similar relief under any law;
(D) files an answer or other pleading admitting or failing
to contest the material allegations of a petition filed against
the General Partner in a proceeding of the type described in
clauses (A) (C) of this sentence; or
(E) seeks, consents to or acquiesces in the appointment of
a trustee, receiver or liquidator of the General Partner or of
all or any substantial part of its properties; |
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a final and non-appealable judgment is entered by a court with
appropriate jurisdiction ruling that the General Partner is
bankrupt or insolvent or a final and non-appealable order for
relief is entered by a court with appropriate jurisdiction
against the General Partner, in each case under any federal or
state bankruptcy or insolvency laws as now or hereafter in
effect; or |
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a certificate of dissolution or its equivalent is filed for the
General Partner, or 90 days expire after the date of notice
to the General Partner of revocation of its charter without a
reinstatement of its charter, under the laws of its state of
incorporation. |
The General Partner may be removed with or without cause if such
removal is approved by at least
662/3%
of the units (excluding for this purpose units held by the
General Partner and its Affiliates).
All acts of the limited partners should be done in accordance
with the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act. Upon the
written request of 20% or more in interest of the limited
partners, the General Partner may, but is not required to, call
a meeting of the limited partners. Notice of such meeting shall
be given within 30 days after, and the meeting shall be
held within 60 days after, receipt of such request. The
General Partner may also call a meeting not less than 20 and not
more than 60 days prior to the meeting. Any such notice
shall state briefly the purpose of the meeting, which shall be
held at a reasonable time and place. Any limited partner may
obtain a list of names, addresses, and interests of the limited
partners upon written request to the General Partner.
Assuming that a limited partner does not take part in the
control of our business, and that he otherwise acts in
conformity with the provisions of our LP Agreement, his
liability under Delaware law will be limited, subject to certain
possible exceptions, generally to the amount of capital he is
obligated to contribute to us in respect of his units or other
limited partner interests plus his share of any of our
undistributed profits and assets. In light of the fact that a
limited partners liability may extend beyond his capital
contributions, a limited partner may lose more money than he
contributed.
56
Fees and Expenses
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Assets |
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Management Fee | |
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First $1,000,000,000
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0.50% of NAV |
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After the first $1,000,000,000
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0.20% of NAV |
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Fees and expenses are calculated on a daily basis and paid on a
monthly basis.
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Brokerage fee for Treasuries
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0.35 |
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Brokerage fee for Oil Futures Contracts
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0.35 |
% |
Fees and expenses are calculated on a daily basis and paid on a
monthly basis.
Future Commission Merchant
Fee
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Futures Commission Merchant fee
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$ |
18.00 |
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Fees and expenses are calculated on a daily basis and paid on a
monthly basis.
The General Partner Has Conflicts of Interest
There are present and potential future conflicts of interest in
USOFs structure and operation you should consider before
you purchase units. The General Partner will use this notice of
conflicts as a defense against any claim or other proceeding
made.
The General Partners officers, directors and employees, do
not devote their time exclusively to USOF. These persons are
directors, officers or employees of other entities which may
compete with USOF for their services. They could have a conflict
between their responsibilities to USOF and to those other
entities. The General Partner believes that it has sufficient
personnel, time, and working capital to discharge its
responsibilities in a fair manner and that these persons
conflicts should not impair their ability to provide services to
USOF.
The General Partners principals, officers, directors and
employees may trade futures and related contracts for their own
account. A conflict of interest may exist if their trades are in
the same markets and at the same time as USOF trades using the
clearing broker to be used by USOF. A potential conflict also
may occur when the General Partners principals trade their
accounts more aggressively or take positions in their accounts
which are opposite, or ahead of, the positions taken by USOF.
USOF will adopt a Code of Ethics to ensure that the employees of
the General Partner and its affiliates do not engage in trades
that will harm the fund or the unitholders.
The General Partner has sole current authority to manage the
investments and operations of USOF, and may act to create a
conflict with your best interests. Such lack of voting control
will limit your ability to influence matters such as amendment
of the LP Agreement, change in USOFs basic investment
policy, dissolution of this fund, or the sale or distribution of
USOFs assets.
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No Resolution of Conflicts Procedures |
Whenever a conflict of interest exists or arises between the
General Partner on the one hand, and the partnership or any
limited partner, on the other hand, any resolution or course of
action by the General Partner in respect of such conflict of
interest shall be permitted and deemed approved by all partners
and shall not constitute a breach of the LP Agreement or of any
agreement contemplated hereby or of a duty stated or implied by
law or equity, if the resolution or course of action is, or by
operation of the LP Agreement is deemed to be, fair and
reasonable to the partnership. If a dispute arises, under the LP
Agreement it will be resolved either through negotiations with
the General Partner or by courts located in the State of
Delaware.
57
Under the LP Agreement, any resolution is deemed to be fair and
reasonable to the partnership if the resolution is:
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approved by the audit committee, although no party is obligated
to seek approval and the General Partner may adopt a resolution
or course of action that has not received approval; |
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on terms no less favorable to the limited partners than those
generally being provided to or available from unrelated third
parties; or |
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fair to the limited partners, taking into account the totality
of the relationships of the parties involved including other
transactions that may be particularly favorable or advantageous
to the limited partners. |
The previous risk factors and conflicts of interest are complete
as of the date of this prospectus; however, additional risks and
conflicts may occur which are not presently foreseen by the
General Partner. You may not construe this prospectus as legal
or tax advice. Before making an investment in this fund, you
should read this entire prospectus, including the LP Agreement
(Exhibit ). You should also
consult with your personal legal, tax, and other professional
advisors.
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Interests of Named Experts and Counsel |
The General Partner has employed Sutherland Asbill &
Brennan LLP to prepare this prospectus. Neither the law firm nor
any other expert hired by USOF to give advice on the preparation
of this offering document have been hired on a contingent fee
basis. Nor do any of them have any present or future expectation
of interest in the General Partner, Marketing Agent, Authorized
Purchasers, or other service providers to USOF.
The General Partners Responsibility and Remedies
Pursuant to the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act
(DRULPA), parties may contractually modify or even
eliminate fiduciary duties in a partnership agreement to the
limited partnership itself, or to another partner or person
otherwise bound by the partnership agreement. Parties may not,
however, eliminate the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing. Where parties unambiguously provide for fiduciary
duties in a partnership agreement, those expressed duties become
the standard courts will use to determine whether such duties
were breached. For this reason, USOFs limited partnership
agreement does not explicitly provide for any fiduciary duties
so that common law fiduciary duty principles will apply to
measure the General Partners conduct.
A prospective investor should be aware that the General Partner
has a responsibility to limited partners of USOF to exercise
good faith and fairness in all dealings. The fiduciary
responsibility of a general partner to limited partners is a
developing and changing area of the law and limited partners who
have questions concerning the duties of the General Partner
should consult with their counsel. In the event that a limited
partner of USOF believes that the General Partner has violated
its fiduciary duty to the limited partners, he may seek legal
relief individually or on behalf of USOF under applicable laws,
including under DRULPA and under commodities laws, to recover
damages from or require an accounting by the General Partner.
Limited partners may also have the right, subject to applicable
procedural and jurisdictional requirements, to bring class
actions in federal court to enforce their rights under the
federal securities laws and the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder by the SEC. Limited partners who have
suffered losses in connection with the purchase or sale of the
units may be able to recover such losses from the General
Partner where the losses result from a violation by the General
Partner of the federal securities laws. State securities laws
may also provide certain remedies to limited partners. Limited
partners should be aware that performance by the General Partner
of its fiduciary duty to is measured by the terms of the LP
Agreement as well as applicable law. Limited partners are
afforded certain rights to institute reparations proceedings
under the Commodity Exchange Act for violations of the Commodity
Exchange Act or of any rule, regulation or order of the CFTC by
the General Partner.
58
Liability and Indemnification
Pursuant to the LP Agreement, we will indemnify and hold
harmless a General Partner and each officer, director, employee
and agent thereof and their respective legal representatives and
successors (hereinafter referred to as a Covered
Person) against all liabilities and expenses, including
but not limited to amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in
compromise or as fines and penalties, and counsel fees
reasonably incurred by any Covered Person in connection with the
defense or disposition of any action, suit or other proceedings,
whether civil or criminal, before any court or administrative or
legislative body, in which such Covered Person may be or may
have been involved as a party or otherwise or with which such
person may be or may have been threatened, while in office or
thereafter, by reason of an alleged act or omission as a General
Partner or officer thereof or by reason of its being or having
been such a General Partner or officer.
However we will not indemnity a Covered Person with respect to
any matter as to which such Covered Person shall have been
finally adjudicated in any such action, suit or other proceeding
not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable believe that
such Covered Persons action was in the best interest of
USOF, and except that no Covered Person shall be indemnified
against any liability to USOF to which such Covered Person would
otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad
faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties
involved in the conduct of such Covered Persons office.
Provisions of Law
According to applicable law, indemnification of the General
Partner is payable only if the General Partner determined, in
good faith, that the act, omission or conduct that gave rise to
the claim for indemnification was in the best interest of USOF
and the act, omission or activity that was the basis for such
loss, liability, damage, cost or expense was not the result of
negligence or misconduct and such liability or loss was not the
result of negligence or misconduct by the General Partner, and
such indemnification or agreement to hold harmless is
recoverable only out of the assets of USOF and not from the
members, individually.
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Provisions of Federal and State Securities Laws |
This offering is made pursuant to federal and state securities
laws. If any indemnification of the General Partner arises out
of an alleged violation of such laws, it is subject to the
following legal conditions.
Those conditions require that no indemnification may be made in
respect of any losses, liabilities or expenses arising from or
out of an alleged violation of federal or state securities laws
unless: there has been a successful adjudication on the merits
of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to
the General Partner or other particular indemnitee, or such
claim has been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court
of competent jurisdiction as to the General Partner or other
particular indemnitee, or a court of competent jurisdiction
approves a settlement of the claims against the General Partner
or other agent of USOF and finds that indemnification of the
settlement and related costs should be made, provided, before
seeking such approval, the General Partner or other indemnitee
must apprise the court of the position held by regulatory
agencies against such indemnification. These agencies are the
SEC and the securities administrator of the State or States in
which the plaintiffs claim they were offered or sold membership
interests.
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Provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 and NASAA
Guidelines |
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the
Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to the General Partner,
the SEC and the various State administrators believe that such
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act of 1933 and the North American Securities
Administrators Association, Inc. (NASAA) commodity pool
guidelines and is therefore unenforceable.
59
Unit Splits
If the General Partner believes that the per unit price in the
secondary market for Units has risen or fallen outside a
desirable trading price range, the General Partner may direct
USOF to declare a split or reverse split in the number of units
outstanding and to make a corresponding change in the number of
units constituting a basket.
Books and Records
USOF will keep proper books of record and account of USOF at its
office located at 1320 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 145
Alameda, California 94502 or such office, including of an
administrative agent, as it may subsequently designate upon
notice. These books and records are open to inspection by any
person who establishes to USOFs satisfaction that such
person is a unitholder upon reasonable advance notice at all
reasonable times during the usual business hours of USOF.
USOF will keep a copy of USOF Articles of Incorporation on
file in its office which will be available for inspection on
reasonable advance notice at all reasonable times during its
usual business hours by any unitholder.
Analysis of Critical Accounting Policies
USOFs critical accounting policies are set forth in the
financial statements in this prospectus prepared in accordance
with accounting principles generally accepted in the United
States of America, which require the use of certain accounting
policies that affect the amounts reported in these financial
statements, including the following: USOF trades are accounted
for on a trade-date basis and marked to market on a daily basis.
The difference between their cost and market value is recorded
as change in unrealized profit/loss for open
(unrealized) contracts, and recorded as realized
profit/loss when open positions are closed out; the sum of
these amounts constitutes USOFs trading revenues. Earned
interest income revenue, as well as management fee, and
brokerage fee expenses of USOF are recorded on an accrual basis.
The General Partner believes that all relevant accounting
assumptions and policies have been considered.
Statements, Filings, and Reports
At the end of each fiscal year, USOF will furnish to DTC
Participants for distribution to each person who is a unitholder
at the end of the fiscal year an annual report containing
USOFs audited financial statements and other information
about USOF. The General Partner is responsible for the
registration and qualification of the units under the federal
securities laws and federal commodities laws and any other
securities and blue sky laws of the United States or any other
jurisdiction as the General Partner may select. The General
Partner is responsible for preparing all reports required by the
SEC and the CFTC, but has entered into an agreement with Brown
Brother Harriman to prepare and arrange for the delivery of
these reports as required by the SEC, CFTC and the American
Stock Exchange its reports on USOFs behalf.
The financial statements of USOF will be audited, as required by
law and as may be directed by the General Partner, by an
independent registered public accounting firm designated from
time to time by the General Partner. The accountants report will
be furnished by USOF to unitholders upon request. USOF will make
such elections, file such tax returns, and prepare, disseminate
and file such tax reports, as it is advised by its counsel or
accountants are from time to time required by any applicable
statute, rule or regulation.
60
Reports to Limited Partners
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As provided in the LP Agreement, the following reports will
be provided to limited partners: |
Annual Reports. Within 90 days after the end of each
fiscal year, the General Partner shall cause to be delivered to
each limited partner who was a limited partner at any time
during the fiscal year, an annual report containing the
following:
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(i) financial statements of the partnership, including,
without limitation, a balance sheet as of the end of the
partnerships fiscal year and statements of income,
partners equity and changes in financial position, for
such fiscal year, which shall be prepared in accordance with
accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of
America consistently applied and shall be audited by a firm of
independent certified public accountants registered with the
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(ii) a general description of the activities of the
partnership during the period covered by the report, and |
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(iii) a report of any material transactions between the
partnership and the General Partner or any of its affiliates,
including fees or compensation paid by the partnership and the
services performed by the General Partner or any such affiliate
of or such fees or compensation. |
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Quarterly Reports. Within 45 days after the end of
each quarter of each fiscal year, the General Partner shall
cause to be delivered to each limited partner who was a limited
partner at any time during the quarter then ended, a quarterly
report containing a balance sheet and statement of income for
the period covered by the report, each of which may be unaudited
but shall be certified by the General Partner as fairly
presenting the financial position and results of operations of
the partnership during the period covered by the report. The
report shall also contain a description of any material event
regarding the business of the partnership during the period
covered by the report.
Monthly Reports. Within 30 days after the after the
end of each month, the General Partner shall cause to be
delivered to each limited partner who was a limited partner at
any time during the month then ended, a monthly report
containing an account statement, which will include a statement
of income (loss) and a statement of changes in NAV, for the
prescribed period. In addition, the account statement will
disclose any material business dealings between the partnership,
General Partner, commodity trading advisor (if any), futures
commission merchant, or the principals thereof that previously
have not been disclosed in the this Prospectus or any amendment
thereto, other account statements or annual reports.
An issuer, such as USOF, of exchange-traded securities may not
always readily know the indentities of the investors who own
those securities. USOF will post the same information that would
otherwise be provided in USOFs monthly account statements,
including, without limitation, USOFs NAV, on USOFs
website
(www.[ ].
Fiscal Year
The fiscal year of USOF will initially be the calendar year. The
General Partner may select an alternate fiscal year.
Governing Law; Consent To Delaware Jurisdiction
The rights of the General Partner, USOF, DTC (as registered
owner of USOFs global certificate for units) and the
unitholders, are governed by the laws of the State of Delaware.
The General Partner, USOF and DTC and, by accepting units, each
DTC Participant and each unitholder, consents to the
jurisdiction of the courts of the State of Delaware and any
federal courts located in Delaware. Such consent in not required
for any person to assert a claim of Delaware jurisdiction over
the General Partner or USOF.
61
Legal Matters
Within the past 5 years of the date of this prospectus,
there have been no material administrative, civil or criminal
actions against the General Partner, underwriter, or any
principal or affiliate of either of them. This includes any
actions pending, on appeal, concluded, threatened, or otherwise
known to them.
Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP (the Firm)
is counsel to advise USOF and the General Partner with respect
to the preparation of units being offered hereby and will pass
upon the validity of the units being issued hereunder. The Firm
has also provided the General Partner with its opinion with
respect to federal income tax matters addressed herein.
The General Partner engaged an independent registered public
accounting firm to audit USOF. Eisner LLP, an independent
registered public accounting firm, has audited the financial
statements of United States Oil Fund, LP, at
September 30, 2005 and of Victoria Bay Asset Management,
LLC, at September 30, 2005, appearing in this prospectus
and in the registration statement and have been included herein
in reliance upon the report of Eisner LLP, given on its
authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
Privacy Policy
USOF and the General Partner collect certain nonpublic personal
information about investors from the information provided by
them in certain documents, as well as in the course of
processing transaction requests. None of this information is
disclosed except as necessary in the course of processing
creations and redemptions and otherwise administering
USOF and then only subject to customary undertakings
of confidentiality. USOF and the General Partner do not disclose
nonpublic personal information about investors to anyone, except
as required by law. USOF and the General Partner restrict access
to the nonpublic personal information they collect from
investors to those employees who need access to this information
to provide products and services to investors. USOF and the
General Partner each maintain physical, electronic and
procedural controls to safeguard this information. These
standards are reasonably designed to (1) ensure the
security and confidentiality of investors records and
information, (2) protect against any anticipated threats or
hazards to the security or integrity of investors records
and information, and (3) protect against unauthorized
access to or use of investors records or information that
could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any
investor.
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion summarizes the material
U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase,
ownership and disposition of units in USOF, and the
U.S. federal income tax treatment of USOF, as of the date
hereof. This discussion is applicable to a beneficial owner of
units who purchases units in the offering [or offerings] to
which this prospectus relates, including a beneficial owner who
purchases units from an Authorized Purchaser. Except where noted
otherwise, it deals only with units held as capital assets and
does not deal with special situations, such as those of dealers
in securities or currencies, financial institutions, tax-exempt
entities, insurance companies, persons holding units as a part
of a position in a straddle or as part of a
hedging, conversion or other integrated
transaction for federal income tax purposes, traders in
securities or commodities that elect to use a mark-to-market
method of accounting, or holders of units whose functional
currency is not the U.S. dollar. Furthermore, the
discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), and
regulations (Treasury Regulations), rulings and
judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof, and such
authorities may be repealed, revoked or modified so as to result
in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from
those discussed below.
62
Persons considering the purchase, ownership or disposition of
units should consult their own tax advisors concerning the
United States federal income tax consequences in light of their
particular situations as well as any consequences arising under
the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction. As used herein, a
U.S. unitholder of a unit means a beneficial
owner of a unit that is, for United States federal income tax
purposes, (i) a citizen or resident of the United States,
(ii) a corporation or partnership created or organized in
or under the laws of the United States or any political
subdivision thereof, (iii) an estate the income of which is
subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of
its source or (iv) a trust (X) that is subject to the
supervision of a court within the United States and the control
of one or more United States persons as described in
section 7701(a)(30) of the Code or (Y) that has a
valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations
to be treated as a United States person. A
Non-U.S. unitholder is a holder that is not a
U.S. unitholder. If a partnership holds our units, the tax
treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of
the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a
partner of a partnership holding our units, you should consult
your own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences.
The General Partner of USOF has received the opinion of
Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP, counsel to USOF, that
the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to USOF
and to U.S. unitholders and Non-U.S. unitholders will
be as described below. In rendering its opinion, Sutherland
Asbill & Brennan LLP has relied on the facts described
in this prospectus as well as certain representations made by
USOF and the General Partner. The opinion of Sutherland
Asbill & Brennan LLP is not binding on the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS), and as a result, the IRS may
not agree with the tax positions taken by USOF. If challenged by
the IRS, USOFs tax positions might not be sustained by the
courts. No ruling has been requested from the IRS with respect
to any matter affecting USOF or prospective investors.
EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IS ADVISED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX
ADVISOR AS TO THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF
AN INVESTMENT IN USOF AND AS TO APPLICABLE STATE, LOCAL OR
FOREIGN TAXES.
USOF is organized and will be operated as a limited partnership
in accordance with the provisions of the LP Agreement and
applicable state law. Under Code section 7704, an entity
classified as a partnership that is deemed to be a
publicly traded partnership will generally be
taxable as a corporation for federal income tax purposes. The
Code provides an exception to this general rule for a publicly
traded partnership whose gross income for each year of its
existence consists of at least 90% qualifying income
(qualifying income exception). For this purpose,
qualifying income includes dividends, interest,
payments with respect to loaned securities, gains from the sale
or disposition of securities (including gains from related
investments in foreign currencies), and other income (including
gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with
respect to a partnerships business of investing in such
securities or currencies, and, in the case of a partnership a
principal activity of which is the buying and selling of
commodities (other than inventory) or options, futures, or
forwards with respect to commodities, income and gains from
commodities (other than inventory) or futures, forwards, or
options with respect to commodities.
USOF and the General Partner have represented the following to
Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP:
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At least 90% of USOFs gross income for each taxable year
will constitute qualifying income within the meaning
of Code section 7704; |
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USOF will be organized and operated in accordance with its
governing agreements and applicable law; and |
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USOF has not elected, and will not elect, to be classified as a
corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. |
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Based in part on these representations, Sutherland
Asbill & Brennan LLP is of the opinion that USOF will
be classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes
and that it will not be taxable as a corporation for such
purposes.
63
If USOF failed to satisfy the qualifying income exception in any
year, other than a failure that is determined by the IRS to be
inadvertent and that is cured within a reasonable time after
discovery, USOF would be taxable as a corporation for federal
income tax purposes and would pay federal income tax at the
regular corporate rates. In that event, unitholders would not
report their share of USOFs income or loss on their
returns. In addition, distributions to unitholders would be
treated as dividends to the extent of USOFs current and
accumulated earnings and profits. To the extent a distribution
exceeded USOFs earnings and profits, the distribution
would be treated as a return of capital to the extent of a
unitholders basis in its units, and thereafter as gain
from the sale of units. Accordingly, if USOF were to be taxable
as a corporation, it would likely have a material effect on the
economic return from an investment in USOF.
The remainder of this summary assumes that USOF will be
classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes and
that it will not be taxable as a corporation.
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Tax Consequences Of Ownership Of Units |
Taxation of USOFs Income. No U.S. federal
income tax will be paid by USOF on its income. Instead, USOF
will file annual information returns, and each
U.S. unitholder will be required to report on its
U.S. federal income tax return its allocable share of the
income, gain, loss and deduction of USOF. For example,
unitholders will take into account their share of ordinary
income realized by USOF from accruals of interest on Treasuries
and other investments, and their share of gain from Oil Futures
Contracts and Other Oil Interests. These items must be reported
without regard to the amount (if any) of cash or property the
unitholder receives as a distribution from USOF during the
taxable year. Consequently, a unitholder may be allocated income
or gain by USOF but receive no cash distribution with which to
pay its tax liability resulting from the allocation, or may
receive a distribution that is insufficient to pay such
liability. Because the General Partner currently does not intend
to make distributions, it is likely that in any year USOF
realizes net income and/or gain that a U.S. unitholder will
be required to pay taxes on its allocable share of such income
or gain from sources other than USOF distributions.
Allocations of USOFs Profit and Loss. Under Code
section 704, the determination of a partners
distributive share of any item of income, gain, loss, deduction
or credit is governed by the applicable organizational document
unless the allocation provided by such document lacks
substantial economic effect. An allocation that
lacks substantial economic effect nonetheless will be respected
if it is in accordance with the partners interests in the
partnership, determined by taking into account all facts and
circumstances relating to the economic arrangements among the
partners.
In general, USOF will apply a monthly closing-of-the-books
convention in determining allocations of economic profit or loss
to unitholders. Income, gain, loss and deduction will be
determined on a monthly mark-to-market basis, taking
into account our accrued income and deductions and realized and
unrealized gains and losses for the month. These items will be
allocated among the holders of units in proportion to the number
of units owned by them as of the close of business on the last
business day of the month. Items of taxable income, deduction,
gain, loss and credit recognized by USOF for federal income tax
purposes for any taxable year will be allocated among holders in
a manner that equitably reflects the allocation of economic
profit or loss. USOF intends to make the election permitted by
section 754 of the Code, which election will be irrevocable
without the consent of the Service. The effect of this election
will be that when a secondary market sale of our units occur, we
will adjust the purchasers proportionate share of the tax
basis of our assets to fair market value, as reflected in the
price paid for the units, as if the purchaser had directly
acquired an interest in our assets. The section 754
election is intended to eliminate disparities between a
partners basis in its partnership interest and its share
of the tax bases of the partnerships assets, so that the
partners allocable share of taxable gain or loss on a
disposition of an asset will correspond to its share of the
appreciation or depreciation in the value of the asset since it
acquired its interest. Depending on the price paid for units and
the tax bases of USOFs assets at the time of the purchase,
the effect of the section 754 election on a purchaser of
units may be favorable or unfavorable.
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USOF will apply certain assumptions and conventions in
determining and allocating items for tax purposes in order to
reduce the complexity and costs of administration. The General
Partner believes that application of these assumptions and
conventions will be consistent with the intent of the
partnership provisions of the Code, and that the resulting
allocations will have substantial economic effect or otherwise
will be respected as being in accordance with unitholders
interests in USOF for federal income tax purposes. However, the
Code and Treasury Regulations do not expressly permit adoption
of these assumptions and conventions, and Sutherland
Asbill & Brennan LLP is therefore unable to opine on
the validity of our allocation method. It is possible that the
IRS could successfully challenge this method and require a
unitholder to report a greater or lesser share of items of
income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit than if our method were
respected. The General Partner is authorized to revise our
allocation method to conform to any method permitted under
future Treasury Regulations.
The assumptions and conventions used in making tax allocations
may cause a unitholder to be allocated more or less income or
loss for federal income tax purposes than its proportionate
share of the economic income or loss realized by USOF during the
period it held its units. This mismatch between
taxable and economic income or loss in some cases may be
temporary, reversing itself in a later year when the units are
sold, but could be permanent. For example, a unitholder could be
allocated income accruing before it purchased its units,
resulting in an increase in the basis of the units (see
Tax basis in units, below). On a subsequent
disposition of the units, the additional basis might produce a
capital loss the deduction of which may be limited (see
Limitations on Deductibility of Losses and Certain
Expenses, below).
Mark to market of certain exchange-traded contracts. For
federal income tax purposes, USOF generally will be required to
use a mark-to-market method of accounting under
which unrealized gains and losses on instruments constituting
section 1256 contracts are recognized
currently. A section 1256 contract is defined as:
(1) a futures contract that is traded on or subject to the
rules of a national securities exchange which is registered with
the SEC, a domestic board of trade designated as a contract
market by the CFTC, or any other board of trade or exchange
designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, and with respect to
which the amount required to be deposited and the amount that
may be withdrawn depends on a system of marking to
market; (2) a forward contract on exchange-traded
foreign currencies, where the contracts are traded in the
interbank market; (3) a non-equity option traded on or
subject to the rules of a qualified board or exchange;
(4) a dealer equity option; or (5) a dealer securities
futures contract.
Under these rules, section 1256 contracts held by USOF at
the end of each taxable year, including for example Oil Futures
Contracts and options on Oil Futures Contracts traded on a
U.S. exchange or board of trade and certain foreign
exchanges, will be treated as if they were sold by USOF for
their fair market value on the last business day of the taxable
year. A unitholders distributive share of USOFs net
gain or loss with respect to each section 1256 contract
generally will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss to
the extent of 60 percent thereof, and as short-term capital
gain or loss to the extent of 40 percent thereof, without
regard to the actual holding period.
Limitations on Deductibility of Losses and Certain
Expenses. A number of different provisions of the Code may
defer or disallow the deduction of losses or expenses allocated
to you by USOF, including but not limited to those described
below.
A unitholders deduction of its allocable share of any loss
of USOF will be limited to the lesser of (i) the tax basis
in its units or (ii) in the case of a unitholder that is an
individual or a closely held corporation, the amount which the
unitholder is considered to have at risk with
respect to our activities. In general, the amount at risk will
be your invested capital plus your share of any recourse debt of
USOF for which you are liable. Losses in excess of the amount at
risk must be deferred until years in which USOF generates
additional taxable income against which to offset such carryover
losses or until additional capital is placed at risk.
Noncorporate taxpayers are permitted to deduct capital losses
only to the extent of their capital gains for the taxable year
plus $3,000 of other income. Unused capital losses can be
carried forward and used to
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offset capital gains in future years. In addition, a
noncorporate taxpayer may elect to carry back net losses on
section 1256 contracts to each of the three preceding years
and use them to offset section 1256 contract losses in
those years, subject to certain limitations. Corporate taxpayers
generally may deduct capital losses only to the extent of
capital gains, subject to special carryback and carryforward
rules.
Otherwise deductible expenses incurred by noncorporate taxpayers
constituting miscellaneous itemized deductions,
generally including investment-related expenses (other than
interest and certain other specified expenses), are deductible
only to the extent they exceed 2 percent of the
taxpayers adjusted gross income for the year. Although the
matter is not free from doubt, we believe management fees we pay
to the General Partner and other expenses we incur will
constitute investment-related expenses subject to the
miscellaneous itemized deduction limitation, rather than
expenses incurred in connection with a trade or business.
Noncorporate unitholders generally may deduct investment
interest expense only to the extent of their net
investment income. Investment interest expense of a
unitholder will generally include any interest accrued by USOF
and any interest paid or accrued on direct borrowings by a
unitholder to purchase or carry its units, such as interest with
respect to a margin account. Net investment income generally
includes gross income from property held for investment
(including portfolio income under the passive loss
rules but not, absent an election, long-term capital gains or
certain qualifying dividend income) less deductible expenses
other than interest directly connected with the production of
investment income.
To the extent that we allocate losses or expenses to you that
must be deferred or disallowed as a result of these or other
limitations in the Code, you may be taxed on income in excess of
your economic income or distributions (if any) on your units. As
one example, you could be allocated and required to pay tax on
your share of interest income accrued by USOF for a particular
taxable year, and in the same year allocated a share of a
capital loss that you cannot deduct currently because you have
insufficient capital gains against which to offset the loss. As
another example, you could be allocated and required to pay tax
on your share of interest income and capital gain for a year,
but be unable to deduct some or all of your share of management
fees and/or margin account interest incurred by you with respect
to your units. Unitholders are urged to consult their own
professional tax advisors regarding the effect of limitations
under the Code on your ability to deduct your allocable share of
USOFs losses and expenses.
Tax basis of units.
A unitholders tax basis in its units is important in
determining (1) the amount of taxable gain it will realize
on the sale or other disposition of its units, (2) the
amount of non-taxable distributions that it may receive from
USOF and (3) its ability to utilize its distributive share
of any losses of USOF on its tax return. A unitholders
initial tax basis of its units will equal its cost for the units
plus its share of USOFs liabilities (if any) at the time
of purchase. In general, a unitholders share
of those liabilities will equal the sum of (i) the entire
amount of any otherwise nonrecourse liability of USOF as to
which the unitholder or an affiliate is the creditor (a
partner nonrecourse liability) and (ii) a
pro rata share of any nonrecourse liabilities of USOF
that are not partner nonrecourse liabilities as to any
unitholder.
A unitholders tax basis in its units generally will be
(1) increased by (a) its allocable share of
USOFs taxable income and gain and (b) any additional
contributions by the unitholder to USOF and (2) decreased
(but not below zero) by (a) its allocable share of
USOFs tax deductions and losses and (b) any
distributions by USOF to the unitholder. For this purpose, an
increase in a unitholders share of USOFs liabilities
will be treated as a contribution of cash by the unitholder to
USOF and a decrease in that share will be treated as a
distribution of cash by USOF to the unitholder. Pursuant to
certain IRS rulings, a unitholder will be required to maintain a
single, unified basis in all units that it owns. As
a result, when a unitholder that acquired its units at different
prices sells less than all of its units, such unitholder will
not be entitled to specify particular units (e.g., those
with a higher basis) as having been sold. Rather, it must
determine its gain or loss on the sale by using an
equitable apportionment method to allocate a portion
of its unified basis in its units to the units sold.
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Treatment of Fund Distributions. If USOF makes
non-liquidating distributions to unitholders, such distributions
generally will not be taxable to the unitholders for federal
income tax purposes except to the extent that the sum of
(i) the amount of cash and (ii) the fair market value
of marketable securities distributed exceeds the
unitholders adjusted basis of its interest in USOF
immediately before the distribution. Any cash distributions in
excess of a unitholders tax basis generally will be
treated as gain from the sale or exchange of units.
Constructive termination of the partnership. We will be
considered to have been terminated for tax purposes if there is
a sale or exchange of 50 percent or more of the total
interests in our units within a 12-month period. A termination
would result in the closing of our taxable year for all
unitholders. In the case of a unitholder reporting on a taxable
year other than a fiscal year ending December 31, the
closing of our taxable year may result in more than
12 months of our taxable income or loss being includable in
its taxable income for the year of termination. We would be
required to make new tax elections after a termination. A
termination could result in tax penalties if we were unable to
determine that the termination had occurred. Moreover, a
termination might either accelerate the application of, or
subject us to, any tax legislation enacted before the
termination.
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Tax Consequences of Disposition Of Units |
If a unitholder sells it units, it will recognize gain or loss
equal to the difference between the amount realized and its
adjusted tax basis for the units sold. A unitholders
amount realized will be the sum of the cash or the fair market
value of other property received plus its share of any USOF debt
outstanding.
Gain or loss recognized by a unitholder on the sale or exchange
of units held for more than one year will generally be taxable
as long-term capital gain or loss; otherwise, such gain or loss
will generally be taxable as short-term capital gain or loss. A
special election is available under the Treasury Regulations
that will allow unitholders to identify and use the actual
holding periods for the units sold for purposes of determining
whether the gain or loss recognized on a sale of units will give
rise long-term or short-term capital gain or loss. It is
expected that most unitholders will be eligible to elect, and
generally will elect, to identify and use the actual holding
period for units sold. If a unitholder fails to make the
election or is not able to identify the holding periods of the
units sold, the unitholder will have a split holding period in
the units sold. Under such circumstances, a unitholder will be
required to determine its holding period in the units sold by
first determining the portion of its entire interest in USOF
that would give rise to long-term capital gain or loss if its
entire interest were sold and the portion that would give rise
to short-term capital gain or loss if the entire interest were
sold. The unitholder would then treat each unit sold as giving
rise to long-term capital gain or loss and short-term capital
gain or loss in the same proportions as if it had sold its
entire interest in USOF.
Under Section 751 of the Code, a portion of a
unitholders gain or loss from the sale of units
(regardless of the holding period for such units), will be
separately computed and taxed as ordinary income or loss to the
extent attributable to unrealized receivables or
inventory owned by USOF. The term unrealized
receivables includes, among other things, market discount
bonds and short-term debt instruments to the extent such items
would give rise to ordinary income if sold by USOF.
If some or all of your units are lent by your broker or other
agent to a third party for example, for use by the
third party in covering a short sale you may be
considered as having made a taxable disposition of the loaned
units, in which case
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you may recognize taxable gain or loss to the same extent as if
you had sold the units for cash; |
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any of USOFs income, gain, loss or deduction allocable to
those units during the period of the loan will not be reportable
by you for tax purposes; and |
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any distributions you receive with respect to the units will be
fully taxable, most likely as ordinary income. |
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Unitholders desiring to avoid these and other possible
consequences of a deemed disposition of their units should
consider modifying any applicable brokerage account agreements
to prohibit the lending of their units.
Information reporting. We intend to report tax
information to the beneficial owners of units. Unitholders who
have become additional limited partners will be treated as
partners for federal income tax purposes. The IRS has ruled that
assignees of partnership interests who have not been admitted to
a partnership as partners but who have the capacity to exercise
substantial dominion and control over the assigned partnership
interests will be considered partners for federal income tax
purposes. On the basis of such ruling, except as otherwise
provided herein, we intend to treat the following persons as
partners for federal income tax purposes: (a) assignees of
units who are pending admission as limited partners, and
(b) unitholders whose units are held in street name or by
another nominee and who have the right to direct the nominee in
the exercise of all substantive rights attendant to the
ownership of their units. USOF will furnish unitholders each
year with tax information on IRS Schedule K-1
(Form 1065), which will be used by the unitholders in
completing their tax returns.
Persons who hold an interest in USOF as a nominee for another
person are required to furnish to us the following information:
(a) the name, address and taxpayer identification number of
the beneficial owner and the nominee; (b) whether the
beneficial owner is (1) a person that is not a
U.S. person, (2) a foreign government, an
international organization or any wholly-owned agency or
instrumentality of either of the foregoing, or (3) a
tax-exempt entity; (c) the amount and description of units
or other limited partner interests held, acquired or transferred
for the beneficial owner; and (d) certain information
including the dates of acquisitions and transfers, means of
acquisitions and transfers, and acquisition cost for purchases,
as well as the amount of net proceeds from sales. Brokers and
financial institutions are required to furnish additional
information, including whether they are U.S. persons and
certain information on units or other limited partner interests
they acquire, hold or transfer for their own account. A penalty
of $50 per failure, up to a maximum of $100,000 per
calendar year, is imposed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986,
as amended for failure to report such information to us. The
nominee is required to supply the beneficial owner of the units
or other limited partner interests with the information
furnished to us.
Partnership Audit Procedures. The IRS may audit the
federal income tax returns filed by USOF. Adjustments resulting
from any such audit may require each unitholder to adjust a
prior years tax liability and could result in an audit of
the unitholders own return. Any audit of a
unitholders return could result in adjustments of
non-partnership items as well as USOF items. Partnerships are
generally treated as separate entities for purposes of federal
tax audits, judicial review of administrative adjustments by the
IRS, and tax settlement proceedings. The tax treatment of
partnership items of income, gain, loss and deduction are
determined at the partnership level in a unified partnership
proceeding rather than in separate proceedings with the
unitholders. The Code provides for one unitholder to be
designated as the tax matters partner and represent
the partnership purposes of these proceedings. The LP Agreement
appoints the General Partner as the tax matters partner of USOF.
Tax shelter disclosure rules. In certain circumstances
the Code and Treasury Regulations require that the IRS be
notified of taxable transactions through in a disclosure
statement attached to a taxpayers United States federal
income tax return. In addition, certain material
advisers must maintain a list of persons participating in
such transactions and furnish the list to the IRS upon written
request. These disclosure rules may apply to transactions
irrespective of whether they are structured to achieve
particular tax benefits. They could require disclosure by USOF
or unitholders (1) if a unitholder incurs a loss in excess
a specified threshold from a sale or redemption of its units,
(2) if USOF engages in transactions producing between its
taxable income and its income for financial reporting purposes,
or (3) possibly in other circumstances. While these rules
generally do not require disclosure of a loss recognized on the
disposition of an asset in which the taxpayer has a
qualifying basis (generally a basis equal to the
amount of cash paid by the taxpayer for such asset), they apply
to a loss recognized with respect to interests in a passthrough
entity, such as the units, even if the taxpayers basis in
such interests is equal to
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the amount of cash it paid. In addition, under recently enacted
legislation, significant penalties may be imposed in connection
with a failure to comply with these reporting requirements.
Investors should consult their own tax advisors concerning
the application of these reporting requirements to their
specific situation.
Tax-exempt organizations. Subject to numerous exceptions,
qualified retirement plans and individual retirement accounts,
charitable organizations and certain other organizations that
otherwise are exempt from federal income tax (collectively
exempt organizations) nonetheless are subject to the
tax on unrelated business taxable income (UBTI).
Generally, UBTI means the gross income derived by an exempt
organization from a trade or business that it regularly carries
on, the conduct of which is not substantially related to the
exercise or performance of its exempt purpose or function, less
allowable deductions directly connected with that trade or
business. If USOF were to regularly carry on (directly or
indirectly) a trade or business that is unrelated with respect
to an exempt organization unitholder, then in computing its
UBTI, the unitholder must include its share of
(l) USOFs gross income from the unrelated trade or
business, whether or not distributed, and (2) USOFs
allowable deductions directly connected with that gross income.
UBTI generally does not include dividends, interest, or payments
with respect to securities loans and gains from the sale of
property (other than property held for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of a trade or business). Nonetheless, income on,
and gain from the disposition of, debt-financed
property is UBTI. Debt-financed property generally is
income-producing property (including securities), the use of
which is not substantially related to the exempt
organizations tax-exempt purposes, and with respect to
which there is acquisition indebtedness at any time
during the taxable year (or, if the property was disposed of
during the taxable year, the 12-month period ending with the
disposition). Acquisition indebtedness includes debt incurred to
acquire property, debt incurred before the acquisition of
property, if the debt would not have been incurred but for the
acquisition, and debt incurred subsequent to the acquisition of
property if the debt would not have been incurred but for the
acquisition and at the time of acquisition the incurrence of
debt was foreseeable. The portion of the income from
debt-financed property attributable to acquisition indebtedness
is equal to the ratio of the average outstanding principal
amount of acquisition indebtedness over the average adjusted
basis of the property for the year. USOF currently does not
anticipate that it will borrow money to acquire investments;
however, USOF cannot be certain that it will not borrow for such
purpose in the future. In addition, an exempt organization
unitholder that incurs acquisition indebtedness to purchase its
units in USOF may have UBTI.
The federal tax rate applicable to an exempt organization
unitholder on its UBTI generally will be either the corporate or
trust tax rate, depending upon the unitholders form of
organization. USOF may report to each such unitholder
information as to the portion, if any, of the unitholders
income and gains from USOF for any year that will be treated as
UBTI; the calculation of that amount is complex, and there can
be no assurance that USOFs calculation of UBTI will be
accepted by the Service. An exempt organization unitholder will
be required to make payments of estimated federal income tax
with respect to its UBTI.
Regulated investment companies. Under recently enacted
legislation, interests in and income from qualified
publicly traded partnerships satisfying certain gross
income tests are treated as qualifying assets and income,
respectively, for purposes of determining eligibility for
regulated investment company (RIC) status. A RIC may
invest up to 25% of its assets in interests in a qualified
publicly traded partnership. The determination of whether a
publicly traded partnership such as USOF is a qualified publicly
traded partnership is made on an annual basis. USOF expects to
be a qualified publicly traded partnership in each of its
taxable years. However, such qualification is not assured.
Generally, non-U.S. persons who derive U.S. source income or
gain from investing or engaging in a U.S. business are
taxable on two categories of income. The first category consists
of amounts that are fixed, determinable, annual and periodic
income, such as interest, dividends and rent that are not
connected with the operation of a U.S. trade or business
(FDAP). The second category is income that
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is effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or
business (ECI). FDAP income (other than interest
that is considered portfolio interest) is generally
subject to a 30 percent withholding tax, which may be
reduced for certain categories of income by a treaty between the
U.S. and the recipients country of residence. In contrast,
ECI is generally subject to U.S. tax on a net basis at graduated
rates upon the filing of a U.S. tax return. Where a non-U.S.
person has ECI as a result of an investment in a partnership,
the ECI is subject to a withholding tax at a rate of
35 percent for both individual and corporate unitholders.
Withholding on Allocations and Distributions. The Code
provides that a non-U.S. person who is a partner in a
partnership that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business during a
taxable year will also be considered to be engaged in a U.S.
trade or business during that year. Classifying an activity by a
partnership as an investment or an operating business is a
factual determination. Under certain safe harbors in the Code,
an investment fund whose activities consist of trading in
stocks, securities, or commodities for its own account generally
will not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business
unless it is a dealer is such stocks, securities, or
commodities. This safe harbor applies to investments in
commodities only if the commodities are of a kind customarily
dealt in on an organized commodity exchange and if the
transaction is of a kind customarily consummated at such place.
Although the matter is not free from doubt, USOF believes that
the activities directly conducted by USOF will not result in
USOF being engaged in a trade or business within in the United
States. However, there can be no assurance that the IRS would
not successfully assert that USOFs activities constitute a
U.S. trade or business.
Accordingly, as a result of its ownership of units, a non-U.S.
unitholder may be treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business
and may be treated as having ECI. In the event that USOFs
activities were considered to constitute a U.S. trade or
business, USOF would be required to withhold at the highest rate
specified in Code section 1 (currently 35 percent) on
distributions to a non-U.S. unitholder. A non-U.S. unitholder
with ECI will generally be required to file a U.S. federal
income tax return, and the return will provide the non-U.S.
unitholder with the mechanism to seek a refund of any
withholding in excess of such unitholders actual U.S.
federal income tax liability. Amounts withheld by USOF will be
treated as being a distribution to the non-U.S. unitholder.
If USOF is not treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business, a
non-U.S. unitholder may nevertheless be treated as having FDAP
income, which would be subject to a 30 percent withholding
tax (possibly subject to reduction by treaty), with respect to
some or all of its distributions from USOF or its allocable
share of USOF income. Amounts withheld on behalf of a non-U.S.
unitholder will be treated as being distributed to such
unitholder.
To the extent any interest income allocated to a non-U.S.
unitholder that otherwise constitutes FDAP is considered
portfolio interest, neither the allocation of such
interest income to the non-U.S. unitholder nor a subsequent
distribution of such interest income to the non-U.S. unitholder
will be subject to withholding, provided that the non-U.S.
unitholder is not otherwise engaged in a trade or business in
the U.S. and provides USOF with a timely and properly completed
and executed IRS Form W-8BEN or other applicable form. In
general, portfolio interest is interest paid on debt
obligations issued in registered form, unless the
recipient owns 10 percent or more of the voting
power of the issuer.
USOF expects that most of its interest income will qualify as
portfolio interest. In order for USOF to avoid
withholding on any interest income that would qualify as
portfolio interest, it will be necessary for all
non-U.S. unitholders to provide USOF with a timely and
properly completed and executed Form W-8BEN (or other
applicable form). If a non-U.S. unitholder fails to provide
a properly completed Form W-8BEN, the General Partner may
request that the non-U.S. unitholder provide, within
15 days after the request by the General Partner, a
properly completed Form W-8BEN. If a
non-U.S. unitholder fails to comply with this request, the
units owned by such non-U.S. unitholder will be subject to
redemption.
Gain from sale of units. Gain from the sale or exchange
of the units may be taxable to a non-U.S. unitholder if the
non-U.S. unitholder is a nonresident alien individual who is
present in the U.S. for
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183 days or more during the taxable year. In such case, the
nonresident alien individual will be subject to a
30 percent withholding tax on the amount of such
individuals gain.
Branch profits tax on corporate
non-U.S. unitholders. In addition to the taxes noted
above, any non-U.S. unitholders that are corporations may
also be subject to an additional tax, the branch profits tax, at
a rate of 30 percent. The branch profits tax is imposed on
a non-U.S. corporations dividend equivalent amount,
which generally consists of the corporations after-tax
earnings and profits that are effectively connected with the
corporations U.S. trade or business but are not
reinvested in a U.S. business. This tax may be reduced or
eliminated by an income tax treaty between the United States and
the country in which the non-U.S. unitholder is a
qualified resident.
Prospective non-U.S. unitholders should consult their
tax advisor with regard to these and other issues unique to
non-U.S. unitholders.
Backup Withholding
USOF may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax
(backup withholding) at a rate of 28 percent
from all taxable distributions payable to: (1) any
unitholder who fails to furnish USOF with his, her or its
correct taxpayer identification number or a certificate that the
unitholder is exempt from backup withholding, and (2) any
unitholder with respect to whom the IRS notifies USOF that the
unitholder has failed to properly report certain interest and
dividend income to the IRS and to respond to notices to that
effect. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and may be
returned or credited against a taxpayers regular federal
income tax liability if appropriate information is provided to
the IRS.
Other Tax Considerations
In addition to federal income taxes, unitholders may be
subject to other taxes, such as state and local income taxes,
unincorporated business taxes, business franchise taxes, and
estate, inheritance or intangible taxes that may be imposed by
the various jurisdictions in which USOF does business or owns
property or where the unitholders reside. Although an analysis
of those various taxes is not presented here, each prospective
unitholder should consider their potential impact on its
investment in USOF. It is each unitholders responsibility
to file the appropriate U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign
tax returns. Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP has not
provided an opinion concerning any aspects of state, local or
foreign tax or U.S. federal tax other than those U.S. federal
income tax issues discussed herein.
Investment By ERISA Accounts
General
Most employee benefit plans and individual retirement accounts
(IRAs) are subject to the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA) or the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the
Code), or both. This section discusses certain
considerations that arise under ERISA and the Code that a
fiduciary of an employee benefit plan as defined in ERISA or a
plan as defined in Section 4975 of the Code who has
investment discretion should take into account before deciding
to invest the plans assets in USOF. Employee benefit plans
and plans are collectively referred to below as plans, and
fiduciaries with investment discretion are referred to below as
plan fiduciaries.
This summary is based on the provisions of ERISA and the Code as
of the date hereof. This summary is not intended to be complete,
but only to address certain questions under ERISA and the Code
likely to be raised by your advisors. The summary does not
include state or local law.
Potential plan investors are urged to consult with their own
professional advisors concerning the appropriateness of an
investment in USOF and the manner in which units should be
purchased.
71
Special Investment Considerations
Each plan fiduciary must consider the facts and circumstances
that are relevant to an investment in USOF, including the role
that an investment in USOF would play in the plans overall
investment portfolio. Each plan fiduciary, before deciding to
invest in USOF, must be satisfied that the investment is prudent
for the plan, that the investments of the plan are diversified
so as to minimize the risk of large losses and that an
investment in USOF complies with the terms of the plan.
USOF and Plan Assets
A regulation issued under ERISA contains rules for determining
when an investment by a plan in an equity interest of a limited
partnership will result in the underlying assets of the
partnership being deemed plan assets for purposes of ERISA and
Section 4975 of the Code. Those rules provide that assets
of a limited partnership will not be plan assets of a plan that
purchases an equity interest in the partnership if the equity
interest purchased is a publicly-offered security. If the
underlying assets of a partnership are considered to be assets
of any plan for purposes of ERISA or Section 4975 of the
Code, the operations of that partnership would be subject to
and, in some cases, limited by, the provisions of ERISA and
Section 4975 of the Code.
The publicly-offered security exception described above applies
if the equity interest is a security that is:
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1. freely transferable (determined based on the relevant
facts and circumstances); |
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2. part of a class of securities that is widely held
(meaning that the class of securities is owned by 100 or more
investors independent of the issuer and of each other); and |
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3. either (a) part of a class of securities registered
under Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934 or (b) sold to the plan as part of a public
offering pursuant to an effective registration statement under
the Securities Act of 1933 and the class of which such security
is a part is registered under the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 within 120 days (or such later time as may be allowed
by the SEC) after the end of the fiscal year of the issuer in
which the offering of such security occurred. |
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The plan asset regulations under ERISA state that the
determination of whether a security is freely transferable is to
be made based on all the relevant facts and circumstances. In
the case of a security that is part of an offering in which the
minimum investment is $10,000 or less, the following
requirements, alone or in combination, ordinarily will not
affect a finding that the security is freely transferable:
(1) a requirement that no transfer or assignment of the
security or rights relating to the security be made that would
violate any federal or state law, (2) a requirement that no
transfer or assignment be made without advance written notice
given to the entity that issued the security, and (3) any
restriction on the substitution of assignee as a limited partner
of a partnership, including a general partner consent
requirement, provided that the economic benefits of ownership of
the assignor may be transferred or assigned without regard to
such restriction or consent (other than compliance with any of
the foregoing restrictions).
The General Partner believes that the conditions described above
will be satisfied with respect to the units. The General Partner
believes that the units should therefore constitute
publicly-offered securities, and the underlying assets of USOF
should not be considered to constitute plan assets of any plan
that purchases units.
Prohibited Transactions
ERISA and the Code generally prohibit certain transactions
involving the plan and persons who have certain specified
relationships to the plan.
72
In general, units may not be purchased with the assets of a plan
if the General Partner, the clearing brokers, the trading
advisors (if any), or any of their affiliates, agents or
employees either:
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exercise any discretionary authority or discretionary control
with respect to management of the plan; |
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exercise any authority or control with respect to management or
disposition of the assets of the plan; |
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render investment advice for a fee or other compensation, direct
or indirect, with respect to any moneys or other property of the
plan; |
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have any authority or responsibility to render investment advice
with respect to any monies or other property of the plan; or |
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have any discretionary authority or discretionary responsibility
in the administration of the plan. |
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Also, a prohibited transaction may occur under ERISA or the Code
when circumstances indicate that (1) the investment in a
unit is made or retained for the purpose of avoiding application
of the fiduciary standards of ERISA, (2) the investment in
a unit constitutes an arrangement under which USOF is expected
to engage in transactions that would otherwise be prohibited if
entered into directly by the plan purchasing the unit,
(3) the investing plan, by itself, has the authority or
influence to cause USOF to engage in such transactions, or
(4) a person who is prohibited from transacting with the
investing plan may, but only with the aid of certain of its
affiliates and the investing plan, cause USOF to engage in such
transactions with such person.
Special IRA Rules
IRAs are not subject to ERISAs fiduciary standards, but
are subject to their own rules, including the prohibited
transaction rules of Section 4975 of the Code, which
generally mirror ERISAs prohibited transaction rules. For
example, IRAs are subject to special custody rules and must
maintain a qualifying IRA custodial arrangement separate and
distinct from USOF and its custodial arrangement. Otherwise, if
a separate qualifying custodial arrangement is not maintained,
an investment in the units will be treated as a distribution
from the IRA. Second, IRAs are prohibited from investing in
certain commingled investments, and the General Partner makes no
representation regarding whether an investment in units is an
inappropriate commingled investment for an IRA. Third, in
applying the prohibited transaction provisions of
Section 4975 of the Code, in addition to the rules
summarized above, the individual for whose benefit the IRA is
maintained is also treated as the creator of the IRA. For
example, if the owner or beneficiary of an IRA enters into any
transaction, arrangement, or agreement involving the assets of
his or her IRA to benefit the IRA owner or beneficiary (or his
or her relatives or business affiliates) personally, or with the
understanding that such benefit will occur, directly or
indirectly, such transaction could give rise to a prohibited
transaction that is not exempted by any available exemption.
Moreover, in the case of an IRA, the consequences of a
non-exempt prohibited transaction are that the IRAs assets
will be treated as if they were distributed, causing immediate
taxation of the assets (including any early distribution penalty
tax applicable under Section 72 of the Code), in addition
to any other fines or penalties that may apply.
Exempt Plans
Certain employee benefit plans may be governmental plans or
church plans. Governmental plans and church plans are generally
not subject to ERISA, nor do the above-described prohibited
transaction provisions described above apply to them. These
plans are, however, subject to prohibitions against certain
related-party transactions under Section 503 of the Code,
which operate similar to the prohibited transaction rules
described above. In addition, the fiduciary of any governmental
or church plan must consider any applicable state or local laws
and any restrictions and duties of common law imposed upon the
plan.
73
No view is expressed as to whether an investment in USOF (and
any continued investment in USOF), or the operation and
administration of USOF, is appropriate or permissible for any
governmental plan or church plan under Code Section 503, or
under any state, county, local or other law relating to that
type of plan.
Allowing an investment in USOF is not to be construed as a
representation by USOF, its General Partner, any trading
advisor, any clearing broker, the Marketing Agent or legal
counsel or other advisors to such parties or any other party
that this investment meets some or all of the relevant legal
requirements with respect to investments by any particular plan
or that this investment is appropriate for any such particular
plan. The person with investment discretion should consult with
the plans attorney and financial advisors as to the
propriety of an investment in USOF in light of the circumstances
of the particular plan, current tax law and ERISA.
74
Information You Should Know
This prospectus contains information you should consider when
making an investment decision about the units. You may rely on
the information contained in this prospectus. Neither USOF nor
its General Partner have authorized any person to provide you
with different information and, if anyone provides you with
different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on
it. This prospectus is not an offer to sell the units in any
jurisdiction where the offer or sale of the units is not
permitted.
The information contained in this prospectus was obtained from
us and other sources believed by us to be reliable. This
prospectus also incorporates important business and financial
information about us that is not included in or delivered with
this prospectus.
You should rely only on the information contained in this
prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement and any
information incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any
applicable prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone
to provide you with any information that is different. If you
receive any unauthorized information, you must not rely on it.
You should disregard anything we said in an earlier document
that is inconsistent with what is included in or incorporated by
reference in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus
supplement. Where the context requires, when we refer to this
prospectus, we are referring to this prospectus and
(if applicable) the relevant prospectus supplement.
You should not assume that the information in this prospectus or
any applicable prospectus supplement is current as of any date
other than the date on the front page of this prospectus or the
date on the front page of any applicable prospectus supplement.
We include cross references in this prospectus to captions in
these materials where you can find further related discussions.
The table of contents tells you where to find these captions.
Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This prospectus includes forward-looking statements
which generally relate to future events or future performance.
In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by
terminology such as may, will,
should, expect, plan,
anticipate, believe,
estimate, predict, potential
or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.
All statements (other than statements of historical fact)
included in this prospectus that address activities, events or
developments that will or may occur in the future, including
such matters as changes in inflation in the United States (the
U.S.), movements in the stock market, movements in
the U.S. and foreign currencies, and movements in the
commodities markets and indexes that track such movements,
USOFs operations, the General Partners plans and
references to USOFs future success and other similar
matters, are forward-looking statements. These statements are
only predictions. Actual events or results may differ
materially. These statements are based upon certain assumptions
and analyses the General Partner has made based on its
perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected
future developments, as well as other factors appropriate in the
circumstances. Whether or not actual results and developments
will conform to the General Partners expectations and
predictions, however, is subject to a number of risks and
uncertainties, including the special considerations discussed in
this prospectus, general economic, market and business
conditions, changes in laws or regulations, including those
concerning taxes, made by governmental authorities or regulatory
bodies, and other world economic and political developments. See
What are the Risk Factors Involved With An Investment In
USOF? Consequently, all the forward-looking statements
made in this prospectus are qualified by these cautionary
statements, and there can be no assurance that the actual
results or developments the General Partner anticipates will be
realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will
result in the expected consequences to, or have the expected
effects on, USOFs operations or the value of the units.
Where You Can Find More Information
The General Partner has filed on behalf of USOF a registration
statement on Form S-1 with the SEC under the Securities Act
of 1933. This prospectus does not contain all of the information
set forth in the
75
registration statement (including the exhibits to the
registration statement), parts of which have been omitted in
accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. For
further information about USOF or the units, please refer to the
registration statement, which you may inspect, without charge,
at the public reference facilities of the SEC at the below
address or online at www.sec.gov, or obtain at prescribed rates
from the public reference facilities of the SEC at the below
address. Information about USOF and the units can also be
obtained from USOFs website, which is
[ ].
USOFs website address is only provided here as a
convenience to you and the information contained on or connected
to the website is not part of this prospectus or the
registration statement of which this prospectus is part. USOF is
subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act
and the General Partner and USOF will each, on behalf of USOF,
file certain reports and other information with the SEC. The
General Partner will file an updated prospectus annually for
USOF pursuant to the Securities Act. The reports and other
information can be inspected at the public reference facilities
of the SEC located at 100 F Street, NE,
Washington, D.C. 20549 and online at www.sec.gov. You may
also obtain copies of such material from the public reference
facilities of the SEC at 100 F Street, NE,
Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates. You may obtain
more information concerning the operation of the public
reference facilities of the SEC by calling the SEC at
1-800-SEC-0330 or visiting online at www.sec.gov.
Patent Application Pending
A patent application directed to the creation and operation of
the United States Oil Fund, LP is pending and registration
of USOFs trademarks is in process at the United States
Patent and Trademark Office.
76
United States Oil Fund, LP
(formerly New York Oil ETF, LP)
CONTENTS
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Financial Statements
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Report of independent registered public accounting firm
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F-2 |
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Statement of financial condition as of September 30, 2005
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F-3 |
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Notes to statement of financial condition
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F-4 |
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F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Partners
United States Oil Fund, LP
(formerly New York Oil ETF, LP)
We have audited the accompanying statement of financial
condition of United States Oil Fund, LP, (formerly New York Oil
ETF, LP) (the Fund) as of September 30, 2005.
This financial statement is the responsibility of the
Funds management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on this financial statement based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statement is
free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in
the financial statement. An audit also includes assessing the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statement referred to above
presents fairly, in all material respects, the financial
position of United States Oil Fund, LP (formerly New York Oil
ETF, LP) as of September 30, 2005, in conformity with
U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
/s/ EISNER LLP
New York, New York
November 8, 2005
F-2
United States Oil Fund, LP
(Formerly New York Oil ETF, LP)
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
September 30, 2005
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ASSETS
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Cash
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1,000 |
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PARTNERSHIP CAPITAL
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Limited partner
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$ |
980 |
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General partner
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20 |
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Total partnership capital
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$ |
1,000 |
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See notes to statement of financial condition.
F-3
UNITED STATES OIL FUND, LP
(formerly New York Oil ETF, LP)
NOTES TO STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
September 30, 2005
NOTE A Organization
United States Oil Fund, LP (formerly New York Oil ETF, LP) (the
Fund) was organized as a limited partnership under
the laws of the state of Delaware on May 12, 2005 and
changed its name on September 30, 2005. The Fund will
continue in perpetuity, unless terminated sooner upon the
occurrence of certain one or more events as described in the
limited partnership agreement. The Fund will operate as an
exchange-traded fund and the Fund is in the process of being
registered as a Commodity Pool Operator with the National
Futures Association. The investment objective of the Fund is for
its net asset value to reflect the performance of the price of
light, sweet crude oil, less the Funds expenses. The Fund
will accomplish its objective through investments in futures
contracts for light, sweet crude oil that are traded on the New
York Mercantile Exchange and futures contracts for crude oil
and/or other oil interests traded on other U.S. and foreign
exchanges (Oil Futures Contracts) and other oil
interests such as options on Oil Futures Contracts, forward
contracts for oil, and over-the-counter transactions that are
based on the price of oil. Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC is
the General Partner (the General Partner) and is
also responsible for the management of the Fund. The Fund
intends to have a fiscal year ending on December 31.
The Fund will issue limited partnership interests
(Units) to authorized purchasers by offering
creation baskets consisting of 100,000 Units (Creation
Baskets) through a marketing agent. The purchase price for
a Creation Basket will be based upon the net asset value of a
Fund Unit. In addition, authorized purchasers will pay the Fund
a $1,000 fee for the creation of each Creation Basket. The
initial offering price of the initial creation basket will be
based on the closing price of the near month oil futures
contracts as traded and reported on the New York Mercantile
Exchange on the last business day prior to the effective date.
Additionally, subsequent to the sale of the initial Creation
Basket, Units can be purchased and sold on a nationally
recognized securities exchange in smaller increments. Units
purchased or sold on a nationally recognized securities exchange
will not be made at the net asset value of the Fund but rather
at market prices quoted on the stock exchange.
At September 30, 2005 the Fund has not generated any
revenues and as explained in Note C, has been dependent
upon the contributions from the General Partner and an affiliate
of the Fund. Once the Fund commences operations, the management
of the Fund expects to generate sufficient revenue to meet its
operational expenses.
There can be no assurance that additional funds will be
available to the Fund, or available on terms acceptable to the
Fund.
NOTE B Summary of Significant Accounting
Policies
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(1) |
Securities valuation: |
Securities listed on a national securities exchange are valued
at their last reported sales price on the final day of trading
as of the date of the statement of financial condition. Any
other securities not traded as described above are valued at
their fair value as determined in good faith by the Board of
Directors of the General Partner. The resulting unrealized gains
and losses will be included in the statement of operations.
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(2) |
Securities transactions and investment income: |
Securities transactions are recorded on a trade date basis.
Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are determined
using the first-in, first-out method and will be included in the
statement of operations.
F-4
UNITED STATES OIL FUND, LP
(formerly New York Oil ETF, LP)
NOTES TO STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(Continued)
During the period in which the futures contract is open, changes
in the contract value are recorded as an unrealized gain or loss
by marking the contract to market to reflect the value of the
contract at the end of trading on the reporting date. Futures
contracts are valued at the settlement price established by the
board of trade or exchange on which they are traded. The
resulting unrealized gains or losses will be included in the
statement of financial condition and the statement of
operations. Realized gains and losses will be included in the
statement of operations.
Premiums paid for options contracts purchased are included in
the statement of financial condition. Option contracts are
valued at their last reported sales price on the final day of
trading as of the date of the statement of financial condition.
If the sales price is outside the range of the bid/ask price,
the average of the bid/ask price is used. If no sale is reported
then the average of the bid/ask price is used. When option
contracts expire or are closed, realized gains or losses are
recognized without regard to any unrealized gains or losses on
the underlying securities.
The Fund may enter into swap agreements. The swaps are
marked-to-market on a daily basis. The Fund recognizes in the
statement of financial condition the swap agreements at fair
value and changes in the fair values are reflected as gain or
loss in the statement of operations. When a contract is closed,
the Fund records in the statement of operations a realized gain
or loss equal to the cash exchanged.
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(6) |
Valuation of forward contracts: |
The Fund may enter into forward contracts. Forward transactions
are contracts or agreements for delayed delivery of specific
currencies or commodities in which the seller agrees to make
delivery at a specified future date of specified currencies or
commodities. Risks associated with forward contracts are the
inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts
and movements in fair values. Gains and losses on forward
transactions are recorded based on changes in fair values and
are included with net gain (loss) in the statement of operations.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with
accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of
America requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and
disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of
the financial statement. Actual results could differ from those
estimates.
NOTE C Offering and Organization Costs
Expenses incurred in connection with organizing the Fund and the
initial offering costs of the Units will be borne by the General
Partner, and are not subject to reimbursement by the Fund.
Expenses incurred through September 30, 2005 by an
affiliate of the General Partner amounted to approximately
$616,000. These expenses have been recorded as a capital
contribution into the fund by the General Partner and an expense
borne on behalf of the General Partner by an affiliate of the
General Partner.
NOTE D Management Fee
Under the Limited Partnership Agreement, the General Partner is
responsible for investing and reinvesting the assets of the Fund
in accordance with the objectives and policies of the Fund. In
addition, the General Partner will arrange for one or more third
parties to provide administrative, custody,
F-5
UNITED STATES OIL FUND, LP
(formerly New York Oil ETF, LP)
NOTES TO STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(Continued)
accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to the
Fund. For these services, the Fund is contractually obligated to
pay the General Partner a fee based on average daily net assets
and paid monthly of .50% per annum on average net assets of
$1,000,000,000 or less and .20% of average daily net assets that
are greater than $1,000,000,000. The Fund will pay for all
brokerage fee, taxes and extraordinary expenses.
NOTE E Income Taxes
The Fund is not taxed on its income, instead the individual
investors respective shares of the Funds taxable
income are reported on the individual investors income tax
returns.
NOTE F Redemptions
Authorized persons may redeem Units from the Fund only in blocks
of 100,000 Units called Redemption Baskets. The amount of the
redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be equal to the
net asset value of the Fund Units in the Redemption Basket.
NOTE G Partnership Capital
On June 23, 2005, the General Partner made a $20 capital
contribution to the Fund. Additionally, Wainwright Holdings,
Inc. (Wainwright) contributed $980 to the fund for
its limited partnership interest. The General Partner is 100%
owned by Wainwright which is controlled by the President of the
General Partner.
NOTE H Allocation of Partnership Income and
Losses
Profit or loss shall be allocated among the partners in
proportion to the number of Units each partner holds as of the
close of business on the last business day of the period. The
General Partner may revise, alter or otherwise modify this
method of allocation as described in the limited partnership
agreement.
NOTE I Calculation of Net Asset Value
The Fund will calculate net asset value on each trading day by
taking the current market value of its total assets, subtracting
any liabilities and dividing the amount by the total number of
units issued and outstanding. The Fund will use the New York
Mercantile Exchange closing price for contracts held on the New
York Mercantile Exchange, and will calculate the value of all
other Fund investments as of the close of the New York Stock
Exchange.
F-6
VICTORIA BAY ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC AND SUBSIDIARY
(formerly Standard Asset Management, LLC)
CONTENTS
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Consolidated Financial Statements
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Report of independent registered public accounting firm
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F-8 |
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Consolidated statement of financial condition as of
September 30, 2005
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F-9 |
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Notes to consolidated statement of financial condition
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F-10 |
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F-7
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Member
Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC
(formerly Standard Asset Management, LLC)
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of
financial condition of Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC
(formerly Standard Asset Management, LLC) and subsidiary (the
Company) as of September 30, 2005. This
financial statement is the responsibility of the Companys
management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on this
financial statement based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with standards of the
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States.) Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statement is
free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in
the financial statement. An audit also includes assessing the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statement referred to above
presents fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated
financial position of Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC as of
September 30, 2005, in conformity with U.S. generally
accepted accounting principles.
/s/ Eisner LLP
New York, New York
November 8, 2005
F-8
VICTORIA BAY ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC AND SUBSIDIARY
(formerly Standard Asset Management, LLC)
Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition
September 30, 2005
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ASSETS
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Cash
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$ |
400,980 |
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Minority interest: limited partner in United States Oil Fund, LP
(formerly New York Oil ETF, LP)
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$ |
980 |
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MEMBERS EQUITY
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400,000 |
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$ |
400,980 |
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Purchasers of interests in units of United States Oil Fund, LP
will not receive any interest in Victoria Bay Asset Management,
LLC.
See notes to consolidated statement of financial
condition.
F-9
VICTORIA BAY ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC AND SUBSIDIARY
(formerly Standard Asset Management, LLC)
Notes to Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition
September 30, 2005
NOTE A Organization and Operation
Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC (formerly Standard Asset
Management, LLC)(the Company) was formed as a
single-member limited liability company in the State of Delaware
on May 10, 2005 and changed its name on June 10, 2005.
The Company, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Wainwright
Holdings, Inc. (Wainwright), a Delaware corporation,
was formed to be the General Partner of United States Oil Fund,
LP (formerly New York Oil ETF, LP), a limited partnership (the
Fund). The Fund intends to make investments in
futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil that are traded on
the New York Mercantile Exchange and futures contracts for crude
oil and/or other oil interests traded on other U.S. and foreign
exchanges. The Fund is in the process of being registered as a
Commodity Pool Operator with the National Futures Association.
Wainwright is a holding company that is controlled by the
president of the Company and is a limited partner in the Fund.
As the General Partner of the Fund, the Company is required to
accept the credit risk of the Fund to the futures commission
merchant, oversee the purchases and sale of the Funds
Units by certain authorized purchasers, review the
daily positions and margin requirements of the Fund, and manage
the Funds investments. The Company also pays the futures
commission merchants charges on behalf of the Fund, and
pays the continuing service fees to the selling agents for
communicating with investors.
At September 30, 2005, the Company has not generated any
revenues and, as explained in Note C, has been dependent
upon the contributions from an affiliate of the Company. Once
the Company commences operations, the management of the Company
expects to generate sufficient revenue to meet its operational
expenses.
There can be no assurance that additional funds will be
available to the Company, or available on terms acceptable to
the Company.
NOTE B Summary of Significant Accounting
Policies
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|
(1) |
Principles of consolidation: |
The Company is the General Partner of the Fund, and has included
the accounts of the Fund in the consolidated statement of
financial condition. The Company has recorded a minority
interest for the amount directly owned by the Limited Partner
(representing the limited partner interest owned by Wainwright).
All intercompany accounts and balances have been eliminated in
consolidation.
The Company recognizes revenue in the period earned under the
terms of its management agreement with the Fund. This agreement
provides for fees based upon a percentage of the daily average
net asset value of the Fund.
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|
(3) |
Accounting estimates: |
The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with
accounting principles generally accepted in United States of
America requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at
the date of the financial statements. Actual results could
differ from those estimates.
F-10
VICTORIA BAY ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC AND SUBSIDIARY
(formerly Standard Asset Management, LLC)
Notes to Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition
September 30, 2005
No provision for federal income taxes has been made since, as a
limited liability company, the Company is not subject to income
taxes. The Companys income or loss is reportable by its
member on its tax return.
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|
(5) |
Securities valuation: |
Securities listed on a national securities exchange are valued
at their last reported sales price on the final day of trading
as of the date of the statement of financial condition. Any
other securities not traded as described above are valued at
their fair value as determined in good faith by the Board of
Directors of the General Partner. The resulting unrealized gains
and losses will be included in the statement of operations.
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|
(6) |
Securities transactions and investment income: |
Securities transactions are recorded on a trade date basis.
Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are determined
using the first-in, first-out method and will be included in the
statement of operations.
During the period in which the futures contract is open, changes
in the contract value are recorded as an unrealized gain or loss
by marking the contract to market to reflect the value of the
contract at the end of trading on the reporting date. Futures
contracts are valued at the settlement price established by the
board of trade or exchange on which they are traded. The
resulting unrealized gains or losses will be included in the
statement of financial condition and the statement of
operations. Realized gains and losses will be included in the
statement of operations.
Premiums paid for options contracts purchased are included in
the statement of financial condition. Option contracts are
valued at their last reported sales price on the final day of
trading as of the date of the statement of financial condition.
If the sales price is outside the range of the bid/ask price,
the average of the bid/ask price is used. If no sale is reported
then the average of the bid/ask price is used. When option
contracts expire or are closed, realized gains or losses are
recognized without regard to any unrealized gains or losses on
the underlying securities.
The Fund may enter into swap agreements. The swaps are
marked-to-market on a daily basis. The Fund recognizes in the
statement of financial condition the swap agreements at fair
value and changes in the fair values are reflected as gain or
loss in the statement of operations. When a contract is closed,
the Fund records in the statement of operations a realized gain
or loss equal to the cash exchanged.
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|
(10) |
Valuation of forward contracts: |
The Fund may enter into forward contracts. Forward transactions
are contracts or agreements for delayed delivery of specific
currencies or commodities in which the seller agrees to make
delivery at a specified future date of specified currencies or
commodities. Risks associated with forward contracts are the
inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts
and movements in fair values. Gains
F-11
VICTORIA BAY ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC AND SUBSIDIARY
(formerly Standard Asset Management, LLC)
Notes to Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition
September 30, 2005
and losses on forward transactions are recorded based on changes
in fair values and are included with net gain (loss) in the
statement of operations.
NOTE C Capitalization
On June 23, 2005, Wainwright contributed $400,000 in
connection with its interest in the Company. As of
September 30, 2005, the Company and the Fund have incurred
offering and organization costs in the amount of $685,000, which
an affiliate of Wainwright has an understanding to provide
funding for these costs. The Company and the Fund are not
required to reimburse Wainwright or its affiliate for any such
costs incurred. These costs for each entity were treated as a
capital contribution by the Company, who is the General Partner
of the Fund, charged during the period, and allocated solely to
the General Partners.
F-12
APPENDIX A
Glossary of Defined Terms
In this prospectus, each of the following terms have the
meanings set forth after such term:
Authorized Purchaser: A market maker that purchases or
redeems creation baskets or redemption baskets, respectively,
from or to USOF.
CFTC: Commodities Futures Trading Commission, an
independent agency with the mandate to regulate commodities
futures and options in the United States.
Commodity Pool: An enterprise in which several
individuals contribute funds in order to trade futures or future
options collectively.
Commodity Pool Operator: Any person engaged in a business
which is of the nature of an investment trust, syndicate, or
similar for of enterprise, and who, in connection therewith,
solicits, accepts, or receives from others, funds, securities,
or property, either directly or through capital contributions,
the sale of stock or other forms of securities, or otherwise,
for the purpose of trading in any commodity for future delivery
or commodity option on or subject to the rules of any contract
market.
Creation Basket: A block of 100,000 units used by
USOF to issue units.
DTC: The Depository Trust Company. It is anticipated that
DTC will act as the securities depository for the units.
DTC Participant: An entity that has an account with DTC.
USOF: United States Oil Fund, LP.
General Partner: Victoria Bay Asset Management, LLC, a
Delaware limited liability company, which is expected to be
registered as a Commodity Pool Operator, who controls the
investments and other decisions of USOF.
Investor: Beneficial owner of the units.
Limited Liability Company (LLC): A type of business
ownership combining several features of corporation and
partnership structures.
LP Agreement: The First Amended and Restated Limited
Partnership Agreement dated
[ ],
[2005].
Margin: The amount of equity required for an investment
in Oil Futures Contracts.
NASAA: North American Securities Administration
Association, Inc.
NAV: Net Asset Value of USOF.
NSCC: National Securities Clearing Corporation.
New York Mercantile Exchange: The primary exchange on
which oil futures contracts are traded in the U.S. USOF expects
to invest primarily in oil futures contracts, and particularly
in oil futures contracts traded on the New York Mercantile
Exchange. USOF expressly disclaims any association with the
Exchange or endorsement of USOF by the Exchange and acknowledges
that NYMEX and New York Mercantile
Exchange are registered trademarks of such Exchange.
Near Month: The first month of those futures contracts
listed by an exchange and is usually the most actively traded
contract, but activity will move from this to the second month
contract as the near month nears expiration (e.g.
typically after the middle of the month).
Oil Forward Contract: A supply contract between
principals, not traded on an exchange, to buy or sell a
specified quantity of light, sweet crude oil at or before a
specified date at a specified price.
App-1
Oil Futures Contract: A standardized contract traded on
the New York Mercantile Exchange or other U.S. or foreign
exchange that calls for the future delivery of a specified
quantity at a specified time and place.
Oil Interests: Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil
Interests.
Other Oil Interests: Oil-related investments other than
Oil Futures Contracts and includes options and over-the-counter
contracts such as forward contracts, swap contracts, and spot
contracts.
Option: The right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell
a futures contract or forward contract at a specified price on
or before a specified date.
Over-the-Counter Derivative: A financial contract, whose
value is designed to track the return on stocks, bonds,
currencies, commodities, or some other benchmark, that is traded
over-the-counter or off organized exchanges.
Redemption Basket: A large block used by USOF to
redeem units.
SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission.
Secondary Market: The stock exchanges and the
over-the-counter market. Securities are first issued as a
primary offering to the public. When the securities are traded
from that first holder to another, the issues trade in these
secondary markets.
Spot Contract: A cash market transaction in which the
buyer and seller agree to the immediate purchase and sale of a
commodity, usually with a two-day settlement.
Swap Contract: An over-the-counter derivative that
generally involves an exchange of a stream of payments between
the contracting parties based on a notional amount and a
specified index.
Tracking Error: Possibility that the daily NAV of USOF
will not track the spot price of WTI light, sweet crude oil.
Treasuries: Obligations of the U.S. government with
remaining maturities of 2 years or less.
Valuation Day: Any day as of which USOF calculates its
NAV.
You: The owner of units.
App-2
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
,
2005
All or part of the following information was taken from
the United States Governments Energy Information
Administrations (EIA) website.
Overview of Petroleum Industry
Petroleum industry operations and profitability are influenced
by many factors. Governmental policies, particularly in the
areas of taxation, energy and the environment, have a
significant impact on petroleum activities, regulating where and
how companies conduct their operations and formulate their
products and, in some cases, limiting their profits directly.
Prices for crude oil and natural gas, petroleum products and
petrochemicals are determined by supply and demand for these
commodities. The members of the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) are typically the worlds
swing producers of crude oil, and their production levels are a
major factor in determining worldwide supply. Demand for crude
oil and its products and for natural gas is largely driven by
the conditions of local, national and worldwide economies,
although weather patterns and taxation relative to other energy
sources also play a significant part.
Overview of Crude Oil
Characteristics. The physical characteristics of crude
oils differ. Crude oil with a similar mix of physical and
chemical characteristics, usually produced from a given
reservoir, field or sometimes even a region, constitutes a crude
oil stream. Most simply, crude oils are classified
by their density and sulfur content. Less dense (or
lighter) crudes generally have a higher share of
light hydrocarbons higher value products
that can be recovered with simple distillation. The denser
(heavier) crude oils produce a greater share of
lower-valued products with simple distillation and require
additional processing to produce the desired range of products.
Some crude oils also have a higher sulfur content, an
undesirable characteristic with respect to both processing and
product quality. For pricing purposes, crude oils of similar
quality are often compared to a single representative crude oil,
a benchmark, of the quality class.
The quality of the crude oil dictates the level of processing
and re-processing necessary to achieve the optimal mix of
product output. Hence, price and price differentials between
crude oils also reflect the relative ease of refining.
In addition to gravity and sulfur content, the type of
hydrocarbon molecules and other natural characteristics may
affect the cost of processing or restrict a crude oils
suitability for specific uses. The presence of heavy metals,
contaminants for the processing and for the finished product, is
one example. The molecular structure of a crude oil also
dictates whether a crude stream can be used for the manufacture
of specialty products, such as lubricating oils or of
petrochemical feedstocks.
Refiners therefore strive to run the optimal mix (or
slate) of crudes through their refineries, depending
on the refinerys equipment, the desired output mix, and
the relative price of available crudes. In recent years,
refiners have confronted two opposite forces
consumers and government mandates that increasingly
required light products of higher quality (the most difficult to
produce) and crude oil supply that was increasingly heavier,
with higher sulfur content (the most difficult to refine).
Drilling for Oil. To identify a prospective site for oil
production, companies use a variety of techniques, including
core sampling physically removing and testing a
cross section of the rock and seismic testing, where
the return vibrations from a man-made shockwave are measured and
calibrated. Advances in technology have made huge improvements
in seismic testing.
After these exploratory tests, companies must then drill to
confirm the presence of oil or gas. A dry hole is an
unsuccessful well, one where the drilling did not find oil or
gas, or not enough to be economically worth producing. A
successful well may contain either oil or gas, and often both,
because the gas is dissolved in the oil. When gas is present in
oil, it is extracted from the liquid at the surface in a process
separate from oil production.
SAI-1
Historically, drilling a wildcat well
searching for oil in a field where it had not yet been
discovered had a low chance of success. Only one out
of five wildcat wells found oil or gas. The rest were dry holes.
Better information, especially from seismic technology, has
improved the success rate to one out of three and, according to
some, one in two. Reducing the money wasted on dry holes is one
of the aspects of upstream activity that has allowed the
industry to find and produce oil at the prices prevailing over
much of the 1990s.
After a successful well identifies the presence of oil and/or
gas, additional wells are drilled to test the production
conditions and determine the boundaries of the reservoir.
Finally, production, or development, wells are put
in place, along with tanks, pipelines and gas processing plants,
so the oil can be produced, moved to markets and sold. Once
extracted, the crude oil must be refined into usable products,
as discussed in the chapter on oil refining.
How Oil Is Produced. The naturally occurring pressure in
the underground reservoir is an important determinant of whether
the reservoir is economically viable or not. The pressure varies
with the characteristics of the trap, the reservoir rock and the
production history. Most oil, initially, is produced by
natural lift production methods: the pressure
underground is high enough to force the oil to the surface.
Reservoirs in the Middle East tend to be long-lived on
natural lift, that is, the reservoir pressure
continues over time to be great enough to force the oil out. The
underground pressure in older reservoirs, however, eventually
dissipates, and oil no longer flows to the surface naturally. It
must be pumped out by means of an artificial
lift a pump powered by gas or electricity. The
majority of the oil reservoirs in the United States are produced
using some kind of artificial lift.
Over time, these primary production methods become
ineffective, and continued production requires the use of
additional secondary production methods. One common
method uses water to displace oil, using a method called
waterflood, which forces the oil to the drilled
shaft or wellbore.
Finally, producers may need to turn to tertiary or
enhanced oil recovery methods. These techniques are
often centered on increasing the oils flow characteristics
through the use of steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or
chemicals.
The Impact of Upstream Technology. Technology has
enhanced the likelihood of finding oil. A primary benefit is the
ability to eliminate poor prospects, thus considerably reducing
wasted expenditures on dry holes. In addition, drilling and
production technologies have made it possible to exploit
reservoirs that would formerly have been too costly to put into
production and to increase the recovery from existing reservoirs.
Price of Crude Oil. The price of crude oil is established
by the supply and demand conditions in the global market
overall, and more particularly, in the main refining centers:
Singapore, Northwest Europe, and the U.S. Gulf Coast. The
crude oil price forms a baseline for product prices. Products
are manufactured and delivered to the main distribution centers,
such as New York Harbor, or Chicago. Product supplies in these
distribution centers would include output from area refineries,
shipments from other regions (such as the Gulf Coast), and for
some, product imports. Product prices in these distribution
centers establish a regional baseline. Product is then
re-distributed to ever more local markets, by barge, pipeline,
and finally truck. The fact the oil markets are physically
inter-connected, with supply for a region coming from another
region, means that of necessity even local gasoline prices feel
the impact of prices abroad.
Oil prices are a result of thousands of transactions taking
place simultaneously around the world, at all levels of the
distribution chain from crude oil producer to individual
consumer. Oil markets are essentially a global
auction the highest bidder will win the supply. Like
any auction, however, the bidder doesnt want to pay too
much. When markets are strong (when demand is high
and/or supply is low), the bidder must be willing to pay a
higher premium to capture the supply. When markets are
weak (demand low and/or supply high), a bidder may
choose not to outbid competitors, waiting instead for later,
possibly lower priced, supplies. There are several different
types of transactions that are common in oil markets. Contract
arrangements in the oil market in fact cover most oil that
changes hands. Oil is also
SAI-2
sold in spot transactions, that is, cargo-by-cargo,
transaction-by-transaction arrangements. In addition, oil is
traded in futures markets. Futures markets are a mechanism
designed to distribute risk among participants on different
sides (such as buyers versus sellers) or with different
expectations of the market, but not generally to supply physical
volumes of oil. Both spot markets and futures markets provide
critical price information for contract markets.
Prices in spot markets cargo-by-cargo and
transaction-by-transaction send a clear signal about
the supply/demand balance. Rising prices indicate that more
supply is needed, and falling prices indicate that there is too
much supply for the prevailing demand level. Furthermore, while
most oil flows under contract, its price varies with spot
markets. Futures markets also provide information about the
physical supply/demand balance as well as the markets
expectations.
Seasonal swings are also an important underlying influence in
the supply/demand balance, and hence in price fluctuations.
Other things being equal, crude oil markets would tend to be
stronger in the fourth quarter (the high demand quarter on a
global basis, where demand is boosted both by cold weather and
by stock building) and weaker in the late winter as global
demand falls with warmer weather. As a practical matter,
however, crude oil prices reflect more than just these seasonal
factors; they are subject to a host of other influences.
Likewise, product prices tend to be highest relative to crude as
they move into their high demand season late spring
for gasoline, late autumn for heating oil. The seasonal pattern
in actual product prices, again, may be less obvious, because so
many other factors are at work.
The overall supply picture is of course also influenced by the
level of inventories. When stocks in a given market are high,
they represent incremental supply immediately available, so
prices tend to be weak. The opposite is true in a low stock
situation.
That price response, and the differences in regional price
movements, are critical to the way the oil market redistributes
products to re-balance after an upheaval. The price increase in
one area calls forward additional supplies. These new supplies
might come from other markets in the United States, or from
incremental imports. They may also be augmented by increased
output from refineries. The volume and source of the relief
supplies are interwoven. The farther away the necessary relief
supplies are, the higher and longer the likely price spike.
All other things being equal, cost differences are important
factors in regional prices. For instance, state excise taxes,
product quality, distance and ease of distribution are all
important when comparing prices between regions, states and even
within states. These factors will lead to higher prices (or
lower) in a given area on a day-in, day-out basis.
Ultimately, oil prices can only be as high as the market will
bear. They may be higher in areas with higher disposable income,
where real estate values, wages and other measures of economic
activity indicate that the market is more robust. If they rise
higher than the market will bear, however, consumers will seek
substitutes or downsize their cars and make other adjustments
that reduce their consumption. If the local area offers
unusually high profits, competitors will quickly enter the
market, finally pushing prices down.
Oil Trade. There is more trade internationally in oil
than in anything else. This is true whether one measures trade
by how much of a good is moved (volume), by its value, or by the
carrying capacity needed to move it. All measures are important
and for different reasons. Volume provides insights about
whether markets are over-or under-supplied and whether the
infrastructure is adequate to accommodate the required flow.
Value allows governments and economists to assess patterns of
international trade and balance of trade and balance of
payments. Carrying capacity allows the shipping industry to
assess how many tankers are required and on what routes.
Transportation and storage play a critical additional role here.
They are not just the physical link between the importers and
the exporters and, therefore, between producers and refiners,
refiners and marketers, and marketers and consumers; their
associated costs are a primary factor in determining the pattern
of world trade.
Generally, crude oil flows to the markets that provide the
highest value to the supplier. Everything else being equal, oil
moves to the nearest market first, because that has the lowest
transportation cost and therefore provides the supplier with the
highest net revenue, or in oil market terminology, the highest
SAI-3
netback. If this market cannot absorb all the oil, the balance
moves to the next closest one, and the next and so on, incurring
progressively higher transportation costs, until all the oil is
placed.
Crude Oil Regulation
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Regulation of Crude Oil Activities |
The exploration, production and transportation of all types of
hydrocarbon are subject to significant governmental regulations.
Operations are affected from time to time in varying degrees by
political developments and federal, state, and local laws and
regulations. In particular, crude oil operations and economics
are, or in the past have been, affected by industry specific
price controls, taxes, conservation, safety, environmental, and
other laws relating to the petroleum industry, by changes in
such laws and by constantly changing administrative regulations.
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State and Other Regulation |
Many jurisdictions have statutory provisions regulating the
exploration for and production of crude oil. These include
provisions requiring permits for the drilling of wells and
maintaining bonding requirements in order to drill or operate
wells and provisions relating to the location of wells, the
method of drilling and casing wells, the surface use and
restoration of properties upon which wells are drilled and the
plugging and abandoning of wells. Operations are also subject to
various conservation laws and regulations. These include the
regulation of the size of drilling and spacing units or
proration units on an acreage basis and the density of wells
which may be drilled and the unitization or pooling of crude oil
and natural gas properties. In this regard, some states and
provinces allow the forced pooling or integration of tracts to
facilitate exploration while other states and provinces rely on
voluntary pooling of lands and leases. In addition, state and
provincial conservation laws establish maximum rates of
production from crude oil.
State and regulation of gathering facilities generally includes
various safety, environmental, and in some circumstances,
non-discriminatory take or service requirements, but does not
generally entail rate regulation. In the United States, natural
gas gathering has received greater regulatory scrutiny at both
the state and federal levels in the wake of the interstate
pipeline restructuring under FERC. For example, the Texas
Railroad Commission enacted a Natural Gas Transportation
Standards and Code of Conduct to provide regulatory support for
the States more active review of rates, services and
practices associated with the gathering and transportation of
natural gas by an entity that provides such services to others
for a fee, in order to prohibit such entities from unduly
discriminating in favor of their affiliates.
For those operations on U.S. federal or Indian oil and gas
leases, such operations must comply with numerous regulatory
restrictions, including various non-discrimination statutes, and
certain of such operations must be conducted pursuant to certain
on-site security regulations and other permits issued by various
federal agencies. In addition, in the United States, the
Minerals Management Service (MMS) prescribes or
severely limits the types of costs that are deductible
transportation costs for purposes of royalty valuation of
production sold off the lease. In particular, MMS prohibits
deduction of costs associated with marketer fees, cash out and
other pipeline imbalance penalties, or long-term storage fees.
Further, the MMS has been engaged in a process of promulgating
new rules and procedures for determining the value of crude oil
produced from federal lands for purposes of calculating
royalties owed to the government. The crude oil and natural gas
industry as a whole has resisted the proposed rules under an
assumption that royalty burdens will substantially increase.
Operations are subject to numerous federal, state, provincial
and local laws and regulations controlling the generation, use,
storage, and discharge of materials into the environment or
otherwise relating to the protection of the environment. These
laws and regulations may require the acquisition of a permit or
other authorization before construction or drilling commences;
restrict the types, quantities, and concentrations of various
substances that can be released into the environment in
connection with drilling, production, and natural gas processing
activities; suspend, limit or prohibit construction, drilling
and other activities in
SAI-4
certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands, and other
protected areas; require remedial measures to mitigate pollution
from historical and on-going operations such as use of pits and
plugging of abandoned wells; restrict injection of liquids into
subsurface strata that may contaminate groundwater; and impose
substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from the
operations. Environmental permits required for the operations
may be subject to revocation, modification, and renewal by
issuing authorities. Governmental authorities have the power to
enforce compliance with their regulations and permits, and
violations are subject to injunction, civil fines, and even
criminal penalties. Nevertheless, changes in existing
environmental laws and regulations or interpretations thereof
could have a significant impact on the crude oil and natural gas
industry in general, and thus we are unable to predict the
ultimate cost and effects of future changes in environmental
laws and regulations.
In the United States, the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known
as Superfund, and comparable state statutes impose
strict, joint, and several liability on certain classes of
persons who are considered to have contributed to the release of
a hazardous substance into the environment. These
persons include the owner or operator of a disposal site or
sites where a release occurred and companies that generated,
disposed or arranged for the disposal of the hazardous
substances released at the site. Under CERCLA such persons or
companies may be retroactively liable for the costs of cleaning
up the hazardous substances that have been released into the
environment and for damages to natural resources, and it is
common for neighboring land owners and other third parties to
file claims for personal injury, property damage, and recovery
of response costs allegedly caused by the hazardous substances
released into the environment. The Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) and comparable state statutes
govern the disposal of solid waste and
hazardous waste and authorize imposition of
substantial civil and criminal penalties for failing to prevent
surface and subsurface pollution, as well as to control the
generation, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal of
hazardous waste generated by crude oil and natural gas
operations. Although CERCLA currently contains a petroleum
exclusion from the definition of hazardous
substance, state laws affecting the crude oil industry
impose cleanup liability relating to petroleum and petroleum
related products, including crude oil cleanups. In addition,
although RCRA regulations currently classify certain oilfield
wastes which are uniquely associated with field operations as
non-hazardous, such exploration, development and
production wastes could be reclassified by regulation as
hazardous wastes thereby administratively making such wastes
subject to more stringent handling and disposal requirements.
United States federal regulations also require certain owners
and operators of facilities that store or otherwise handle crude
oil, to prepare and implement spill prevention, control and
countermeasure plans and spill response plans relating to
possible discharge of crude oil into surface waters. The federal
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) contains numerous
requirements relating to prevention of, reporting of, and
response to crude oil spills into waters of the United States.
For facilities that may affect state waters, OPA requires an
operator to demonstrate $10 million in financial
responsibility. State laws mandate crude oil cleanup programs
with respect to contaminated soil.
SAI-5
PART II
Information Not Required in the Prospectus
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Item 13. |
Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution |
Set forth below is an estimate (except as indicated) of the
amount of fees and expenses (other than underwriting commissions
and discounts) payable by the registrant in connection with the
issuance and distribution of the units pursuant to the
prospectus contained in this registration statement.
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Amount | |
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| |
SEC registration fee (actual)
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$ |
5,937.97 |
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NASD filing fees
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* |
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Blue Sky expenses
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* |
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Accountants fees and expenses
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|
* |
|
Legal fees and expenses
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* |
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Printing expenses
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|
* |
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Miscellaneous expenses
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|
* |
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Total
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$ |
* |
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* |
To be provided by amendment |
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Item 14. |
Indemnification of Directors and Officers |
Neither the General Partner nor any employee or other agent of
United States Oil Fund, LP (USOF) nor any officer,
director, stockholder, partner, employee or agent of the General
Partner (a Protected Person) shall be liable to any
partner or USOF for any mistake of judgment or for any action or
inaction taken, nor for any losses due to any mistake of
judgment or to any action or inaction or to the negligence,
dishonesty or bad faith of any officer, employee, broker or
other agent of USOF or any officer, director, stockholder,
partner, employee or agent of such General Partner, provided
that such officer, director, stockholder, employee, broker or
agent of the partner or officer, employee, partner or agent of
such General Partner was selected, engaged or retained by such
General Partner with reasonable care, except with respect to any
matter as to which such General Partner shall have been finally
adjudicated in any action, suit or other proceeding not to have
acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such Protected
Persons actions was in the best interests of USOF and
except that no Protected person shall be relieved of any
liability to which such Protected Person would otherwise be
subject by reason of willful misfeasance, gross negligence or
reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the
Protected Persons office. A General Partner and its
officers, directors, employees or partners may consult with
counsel and accountants (except for USOFs independent
auditors) in respect of USOF affairs and be fully protected and
justified in any action or inaction which is taken in accordance
with the advice or opinion of such counsel or accountants
(except for the Partnerships independent auditors),
provided that they shall have been selected with reasonable
care. Notwithstanding any of the foregoing to the contrary, this
provision hereof shall not be construed so as to relieve (or
attempt to relieve) a General Partner (or any employee or other
agent thereof or any partner, employee or agent of such General
Partner) of any liability to the extent (but only to the extent)
that such liability may not be waived, modified or limited under
applicable law, but shall be construed so as to effectuate these
provisions hereof to the fullest extent permitted by law.
USOF shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, but only out
of USOF assets, indemnify and hold harmless the General Partner
and each officer, director, employee and agent thereof
(including persons who serve at USOFs request as
directors, officers or trustees of another organization in which
USOF has an interest as a unitholder, creditor or otherwise) and
their respective legal representatives and successors
(hereinafter referred to as a Covered Person against
all liabilities and expenses, including but not limited
II-1
to amounts paid in satisfaction of judgments, in compromise or
as fines and penalties, and counsel fees reasonably incurred by
any Covered Person in connection with the defense or disposition
of any action, suit or other proceedings, whether civil or
criminal, before any court or administrative or legislative
body, in which such Covered Person may be or may have been
involved as a party or otherwise or with which such person may
be or may have been threatened, while in office or thereafter,
by reason of an alleged act or omission as a General Partner or
officer thereof or by reason of its being or having been such a
General Partner or officer, except with respect to any matter as
to which such Covered Person shall have been finally adjudicated
in any such action, suit or other proceeding not to have acted
in good faith in the reasonable believe that such Covered
Persons action was in the best interest of the Fund, and
except that no Covered Person shall be indemnified against any
liability to USOF or Limited Partners to which such Covered
Person would otherwise be subject by reason of willful
misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard
of the duties involved in the conduct of such Covered
Persons office. Expenses, including counsel fees so
incurred by any such Covered Person, may be paid from time to
time by USOF in advance of the final disposition of any such
action, suit or proceeding on the condition that the amounts so
paid shall be repaid to USOF if it is ultimately determined that
the indemnification of such expenses is not authorized hereunder.
As to any matter disposed of by a compromise payment by any such
Covered Person, pursuant to a consent decree or otherwise, no
such indemnification either for said payment or for any other
expenses shall be provided unless such compromise shall be
approved as in the best interests of USOF, after notice that it
involved such indemnification by any disinterested person or
persons to whom the questions may be referred by the General
Partner, provided that there has been obtained an opinion in
writing of independent legal counsel to the effect that such
Covered Person appears to have acted in good faith in the
reasonable belief that his or her action was in the best
interests of USOF and that such indemnification would not
protect such persons against any liability to USOF or its
Limited Partners to which such person would otherwise by subject
by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or
reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of
office. Approval by any disinterested person or persons shall
not prevent the recovery from persons as indemnification if such
Covered Person is subsequently adjudicated by a court of
competent jurisdiction not to have acted in good faith in the
reasonable belief that such Covered Persons action was in
the best interests of USOF or to have been liable to USOF or its
Limited Partners by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith,
gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in
the conduct of such Covered Persons office.
The right of indemnification hereby provided shall not be
exclusive of or affect any other rights to which any such
Covered Person may be entitled. An interested Covered
Person is one against whom the action, suit or other
proceeding on the same or similar grounds is then or has been
pending and a disinterested person is a person
against whom none of such actions, suits or other proceedings or
another action, suit or other proceeding on the same or similar
grounds is then or has been pending. Nothing contained herein
shall affect any rights to indemnification to which personnel of
a General Partner, other than directors and officers, and other
persons may be entitled by contract or otherwise under law, nor
the power of USOF to purchase and maintain liability insurance
on behalf of any such person.
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Item 15. |
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities |
On June 23, 2005, the General Partner made a
$20 capital contribution to USOF. Additionally, Wainwright
Holdings, Inc. (Wainwright)
contributed $980 to USOF for its limited partnership
interest. The General Partner is 100% owned by Wainwright which
is controlled by the President of the General Partner.
II-2
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Item 16. |
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules |
(a) Exhibits
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3 |
.1*** |
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Form of the First Amended and Restated Limited Partnership
Agreement. |
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3 |
.2** |
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Certificate of Limited Partnership of the registrant. |
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5 |
.1* |
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Opinion of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP relating to
the legality of the units. |
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8 |
.1* |
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Opinion of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP with respect
to federal income tax consequences. |
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10 |
.1*** |
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Form of Initial Authorized Purchaser Agreement. |
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10 |
.2*** |
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Form of Marketing Agent Agreement. |
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10 |
.3* |
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Custodian Agreement. |
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10 |
.4* |
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Administrative Agency Agreement. |
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23 |
.1* |
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Consent of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP (included in
Exhibit 5.1(a)). |
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23 |
.2*** |
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Consent of Eisner LLP. |
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* |
To be filed by amendment. |
(b) Financial Statement Schedules
The financial statement schedules are either not applicable or
the required information is included in the financial statements
and footnotes related thereto.
(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
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(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are
being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration
statement: |
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(i) To include any prospectus required by
section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933; |
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(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events
arising after the effective date of the registration statement
(or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which,
individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change
in the information set forth in the registration statement.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in
volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of
securities offered would not exceed that which was registered)
and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated
maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of
prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes
in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent
change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the
Calculation of Registration Fee table in the
effective registration statement. |
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(iii) To include any material information with respect to
the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the
registration statement or any material change to such
information in the registration statement. |
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(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability
under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective
amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of
such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial
bona fide offering thereof. |
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(3) To remove from registration by means of a
post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered
which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. |
II-3
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(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under
the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser: |
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(i) If the registrant is subject to Rule 430C
(§230.430C of this chapter), each prospectus filed pursuant
to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating
to an offering, other than registration statements relying on
Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on
Rule 430A (§230.430A of this chapter), shall be deemed
to be part of and included in the registration statement as of
the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided,
however, that no statement made in a registration statement or
prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in
a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into
the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the
registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of
contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify
any statement that was made in the registration statement or
prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made
in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use. |
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(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the
registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in
the initial distribution of the securities: The undersigned
registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities
of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration
statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell
the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered
or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following
communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to
the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such
securities to such purchaser: |
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(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the
undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be
filed pursuant to Rule 424 (§230.424 of this chapter); |
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(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering
prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used
or referred to by the undersigned registrant; |
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(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus
relating to the offering containing material information about
the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on
behalf of the undersigned registrant; and |
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(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the
offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser. |
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(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising
under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors,
officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to
the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been
advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange
Commission such indemnification is against public policy as
expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the
event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities
(other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred
or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the
registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or
proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling
person in connection with the securities being registered, the
registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter
has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of
appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such
indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in
the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such
issue.
(c) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:
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(1) For the purpose of determining any liability under the
Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that
contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new
registration statement relating to the securities offered
therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall
be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. |
II-4
(d) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
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(1) To send to each limited partner at least on an annual
basis a detailed statement of any transactions with the General
Partner or its affiliates, and of fees, commissions,
compensation and other benefits paid, or accrued to the General
Partner or its affiliates for the fiscal year completed, showing
the amount paid or accrued to each recipient and the services
performed. |
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(2) To provide to the limited partners the financial
statements required by Form 10-K for the first full fiscal
year of operations of the partnership. |
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II-5
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the
Registrant has duly caused this amendment to this registration
statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
thereunto duly authorized, in the city of Moraga, state of
California, on November 28, 2005.
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United States Oil Fund, LP |
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By: |
/s/ Nicholas D. Gerber |
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Nicholas D. Gerber |
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Management Director |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933,
this amendment to this registration statement has been signed by
the following persons in the capacities and on the dates
indicated.
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/s/ Nicholas D. Gerber
Nicholas
D. Gerber |
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Management Director |
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November 28, 2005 |
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/s/ Andrew Ngim
Andrew
Ngim |
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Management Director |
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November 29, 2005 |
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/s/ Robert Nguyen
Robert
Nguyen |
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Management Director |
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November 29, 2005 |
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/s/ Howard Mah
Howard
Mah |
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Management Director |
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November 29, 2005 |
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/s/ Peter M. Robinson
Peter
M. Robinson |
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Independent Director |
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November 29, 2005 |
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/s/ Gordon L. Ellis
Gordon
L. Ellis |
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Independent Director |
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November 28, 2005 |
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/s/ Malcolm R. Fobes III
Malcolm
R. Fobes III |
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Independent Director |
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November 29, 2005 |
II-6
EXHIBIT INDEX
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|
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3 |
.1*** |
|
Form of the First Amended and Restated Limited Partnership
Agreement. |
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|
3 |
.2** |
|
Certificate of Limited Partnership of the registrant. |
|
|
5 |
.1* |
|
Opinion of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP relating to
the legality of the Units. |
|
|
8 |
.1* |
|
Opinion of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP with respect
to federal income tax consequences. |
|
|
10 |
.1*** |
|
Form of Initial Authorized Purchaser Agreement. |
|
|
10 |
.2*** |
|
Form of Marketing Agent Agreement. |
|
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10 |
.3* |
|
Custodian Agreement. |
|
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10 |
.4* |
|
Administrative Agency Agreement. |
|
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23 |
.1* |
|
Consent of Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP (included in
Exhibit 5.1(a)). |
|
|
23 |
.2*** |
|
Consent of Eisner LLP. |
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* |
To be filed by amendment. |
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** |
Previously Filed. |
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*** |
Filed Herewith. |