Filed Pursuant To Rule 424(b)(2)
Registration No. 333-84322
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
(TO PROSPECTUS DATED APRIL 11, 2002)
[FERRO LOGO]
4,500,000 SHARES
FERRO CORPORATION
COMMON STOCK
$27.75 PER SHARE
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We are selling 4,500,000 shares of our common stock. We have granted the
underwriters an option to purchase up to 500,000 additional shares of common
stock to cover over-allotments.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol
"FOE." The last reported sale price of our common stock on the New York Stock
Exchange on May 9, 2002 was $28.63 per share.
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INVESTING IN OUR COMMON STOCK INVOLVES RISKS. SEE "RISK FACTORS"
BEGINNING ON PAGE S-8.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities
commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this
prospectus supplement or the prospectus to which it relates is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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PER SHARE TOTAL
--------- ------------
Public Offering Price $27.750 $124,875,000
Underwriting Discount $ 1.318 $ 5,931,563
Proceeds to Ferro Corporation, before expenses $26.432 $118,943,437
The underwriters expect to deliver the shares to purchasers on or about May
15, 2002.
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SALOMON SMITH BARNEY
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CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON
MERRILL LYNCH & CO.
MORGAN STANLEY
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MCDONALD INVESTMENTS INC. FIRST ANALYSIS SECURITIES CORPORATION
May 9, 2002
YOU SHOULD RELY ONLY ON THE INFORMATION CONTAINED OR INCORPORATED BY
REFERENCE IN THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT AND THE ACCOMPANYING PROSPECTUS. WE HAVE
NOT AUTHORIZED ANYONE TO PROVIDE YOU WITH DIFFERENT INFORMATION. WE ARE NOT
MAKING AN OFFER OF THESE SECURITIES IN ANY STATE WHERE THE OFFER IS NOT
PERMITTED. YOU SHOULD NOT ASSUME THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN OR
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE IN THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT OR THE ACCOMPANYING
PROSPECTUS IS ACCURATE AS OF ANY DATE OTHER THAN THE DATES ON THE FRONT OF THIS
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT AND THE ACCOMPANYING PROSPECTUS, AS APPLICABLE.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
PAGE
----
Summary..................................................... S-1
Risk Factors................................................ S-8
Forward-Looking Statements.................................. S-13
Use of Proceeds............................................. S-14
Capitalization.............................................. S-14
Price Range of Our Common Stock and Dividend History........ S-15
Description of Common Stock................................. S-15
Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of
Income.................................................... S-16
Selected Financial Data..................................... S-19
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations................................. S-21
Business.................................................... S-29
Underwriting................................................ S-36
Legal Matters............................................... S-38
PROSPECTUS
About Ferro................................................. 1
Use of Proceeds............................................. 1
Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges.......................... 1
Description of Debt Securities.............................. 1
Description of Common Stock................................. 8
Description of Preferred Stock.............................. 11
Description of Depositary Shares............................ 14
Description of Warrants..................................... 16
Description of Stock Purchase Contracts and Stock Purchase
Units..................................................... 17
Book-Entry Securities....................................... 18
Plan of Distribution........................................ 19
Legal Matters............................................... 20
Experts..................................................... 20
i
SUMMARY
This summary highlights certain information appearing elsewhere in this
prospectus supplement. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of
the information that you should consider before purchasing the shares. For a
more complete understanding of this offering, we encourage you to read the
entire document and all documents incorporated by reference. Unless the context
requires otherwise, references to "Ferro," "we," "us," or "our" refer
collectively to Ferro Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, including
the electronic materials, performance pigments and colors, glass systems, and
Cerdec ceramics businesses (the "dmc(2) businesses") of dmc(2) Degussa Metals
Catalysts Cerdec AG ("dmc(2)") that we acquired on September 7, 2001.
ABOUT FERRO
OVERVIEW
We are a leading global producer of a diverse array of performance
materials. We sell to a broad range of manufacturers in approximately 30 markets
throughout the world. We apply core scientific expertise in organic chemistry,
inorganic chemistry, polymer science and material science to develop coatings
for ceramics and metal; materials for passive electronic components; pigments;
enamels, pastes, and additives for the glass market; specialty plastic compounds
and colors; and polymer additives. Our products are classified as performance
materials, rather than commodities, because they are formulated to perform
specific and important functions both in the manufacturing processes and in the
finished products of our customers. Our performance materials require a high
degree of technical service on an individual customer basis. The value of these
performance materials stems from the results they achieve in actual use.
Our products are traditionally used in markets such as appliances,
automotive, building and renovation, electronics, household furnishings,
industrial products, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications and transportation. Our
leading customers include major chemical companies, producers of multi-layer
ceramic capacitors and manufacturers of tile, appliances and automobiles. Many
customers, particularly in the appliance and automotive markets, purchase
materials from more than one of our business units. Our customer base is
well-diversified both geographically and by end-market.
The diversity of our products, customers, and end-markets serves to
stabilize our financial results. In 2001, we had net sales of $1,501 million
(including four months of results of the dmc(2) businesses), of which
approximately 46% originated outside the United States and Canada. After giving
effect to the dmc(2) acquisition, our pro forma net sales for 2001 would have
been $1,826 million.
We have two financial reporting segments: Coatings and Performance
Chemicals. In 2001, our Coatings segment represented approximately 61% of net
sales (68% pro forma for the dmc(2) acquisition) and our Performance Chemicals
segment represented approximately 39% of net sales (32% pro forma for the dmc(2)
acquisition).
COATINGS SEGMENT
Electronic Materials. We develop, manufacture and market high purity
powders, pastes and tapes for many electronic applications, including
multi-layer ceramic capacitors, hybrid microelectronics, polishing materials,
surge protection and photovoltaic materials. Our electronic products are used in
military, aerospace, semiconductors, electronics, dental and biomedical, and
other technical applications. Our microcircuit and specialty thick film
materials are used in the production of a number of advanced electronic devices
and packages.
Color and Glass Performance Materials. We produce a broad line of pigments
for use in plastic packaging, PVC products such as engineering plastics, and
industrial paints and coatings. We are also a global supplier of decorative
colors, precious metals preparations and special coatings for ceramics surfaces,
and inorganic pigments for coloring plastic and ceramics. We supply a complete
portfolio of products to
S-1
the glass market for coloration both in and on glass. Our colors add customized
value to a wide range of consumer, technical and industrial glass products in
the automotive, the flat glass and the cosmetic, food and beverage container
markets. Our products are tailored to meet the specific demands of our customers
in each market segment, including automotive, appliance, architectural,
tableware, giftware and lighting.
Tile Coatings Systems. We produce a broad line of ceramic glaze coatings
and stains and colors for the manufacture of ceramics, from floor/wall tile to
sanitaryware. We also market an application system for ceramics under the brand
KERAjet(R), which uses ink-jet technology to apply designs on ceramic tile.
Industrial Coatings. We manufacture porcelain enamel and powder coatings
for use in the appliance, automotive and general industrial markets.
PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS SEGMENT
Polymer Additives. Our polymer additives improve the characteristics of
and are designed to enhance the processing and properties of plastics used in
household furnishings, automotive, architectural and construction applications.
These additives include heat and light stabilizers, specialty plasticizers, and
plastics lubricants.
Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemicals. We produce pharmaceutical intermediates
and fine chemicals that are used in specialty resins, industrial chemicals,
specialty batteries, food additives and food supplements. We also provide major
chemical manufacturers with custom synthesis for the production of complex,
high-valued chemicals.
Specialty Plastics. Our specialty plastics products are designed to
enhance the physical properties and appearance of plastic parts and components
in appliances, automobiles, household furnishings, packaging applications, and a
variety of leisure products. These products include filled and reinforced
plastics, plastic color concentrates, gelcoats and liquid and paste color
dispersions.
THE dmc(2) ACQUISITION
On September 7, 2001, we purchased the dmc(2) businesses for approximately
$525 million plus the assumption of certain liabilities.
The dmc(2) acquisition expanded our geographic reach in Europe and Asia
(including Japan, the largest electronics manufacturing market in the world). It
also enhanced our product capabilities in three core businesses:
- Electronic Materials -- doubling our electronic materials business and
adding critical metals technology and manufacturing capabilities;
- Color and Glass Performance Materials -- significantly increasing the
size of and strengthening our technology and competitive presence in this
high-margin business; and
- Tile Coatings Systems -- complementing our manufacturing capabilities and
broadening our presence in Asia and Southern Europe.
We initially established a target of $35 million of cost savings from the
integration of the dmc(2) businesses, to be achieved by eliminating duplicate
facilities, reducing overhead and capitalizing on raw material sourcing
synergies. As of March 31, 2002, we had implemented programs to realize cost
savings that approach the original $35 million target on an annualized basis. We
are also continuing our efforts to capture further cost savings during the
balance of 2002 and in 2003.
COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS
Leading Positions in Markets Served. We believe we have leading market
positions in businesses that accounted for approximately 73% of 2001 net sales.
We believe we are among the world's largest suppliers of ceramic glaze and
color, porcelain enamel coatings, specialty colorants, powder coatings, and
glass additives. We are a worldwide leader in the production of passive
electronic materials, and believe we are
S-2
currently the only merchant manufacturer of all primary components (electrodes,
dielectrics, and termination pastes) of multi-layer capacitors. We also hold a
leading market position in North America for PVC specialty additives and
modifiers.
Diverse Geographic and Customer Base. We have developed an extensive and
geographically balanced manufacturing and sales network, domestically and
abroad. Our global network enhances our ability to meet the technical service
needs of our multi-national customers. Our sales originating in the United
States, Europe, Asia and Latin America represented approximately 54%, 32%, 8%
and 6%, respectively, of 2001 net sales. We sell our products to customers in
approximately 30 markets throughout the world, including electronics,
appliances, automotive, building and renovation, household furnishings,
construction, industrial products, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications and
transportation. No one customer accounts for more than 3% of our net sales.
Broad Technology Portfolio. We offer a wide range of capabilities in
chemistry, glass, ceramic and material sciences, drawing upon a broad
combination of core technological competencies. Our global expertise in particle
engineering, formulation science, polymer technology, coatings technology,
materials characterization, and processing has enabled us to provide timely and
cost-effective customized solutions to our customers' materials needs. For
example, we have developed ground-breaking ink-jet technology applications for
decorating tile; sophisticated dielectric materials for microelectronic
components; and innovative plastics materials that provide low cost alternatives
to traditional engineering polymers.
Strong Senior Management Team. Our senior management team has been
involved in the specialty chemicals industry for an average of approximately 23
years. Our senior management team successfully consummated and integrated six
significant acquisitions over the last four years, and produced strong cash
flows and improved overall financial performance yielding an average return on
equity of 20.7% over the past three years. As of May 9, 2002, we had an equity
market capitalization of approximately $1,004 million. Prior to this offering,
our executive officers and directors collectively own approximately 2.5% of our
common stock and together with our employees own approximately 14.5% of our
common stock.
CORPORATE STRATEGY
Pursue Active Portfolio Management. As part of portfolio management, we
classify our businesses into three categories based on their growth potential.
The portfolio strategy guides strategic investment, resource allocation,
acquisitions and divestitures, and management incentive programs. The goal has
been to improve the portfolio mix by allocating more resources into high-growth
potential businesses and emphasizing a competitive cost structure and free cash
flow generation in more mature, stable businesses. We classify our businesses as
being Springboard, Platform or Foundation. Over the past three years, the
Springboard component of the portfolio has grown significantly, providing a more
profitable balance of high-growth potential businesses relative to mature
cash-generating businesses.
Grow Springboard Businesses. Springboard businesses serve markets
that are positioned to grow well in excess of the growth rates for the
underlying regional economies. We have targeted these businesses for
expanded investment in research and development and new technologies. We
expect to fund these internal growth opportunities through our overall cash
flow generated by operations. Electronic materials and pharmaceutical and
fine chemicals represent key areas of future expansion and growth.
Balance Sales and Profit Growth in Platform Businesses. Platform
businesses serve mature to growing markets, typified by long-term growth
opportunities moderately in excess of applicable regional economic growth
rates. We manage Platform businesses for a balance of sales and profit
growth, supplemented by selective strategic investments.
Maximize Cash Flow Generation in Foundation Businesses. Foundation
businesses serve mature markets with lower growth potential. Our goal is to
improve our competitive position by reducing
S-3
costs in order to maximize the cash flow generation capabilities of the
business. This cash flow will be used to fund internal growth across all of
our businesses.
Expand Our Geographic Presence. We are focused on broadening the
geographic scope of selected businesses and products to take advantage of
growing markets. Rising consumer income and stronger economies in specific areas
of the world, such as Asia, provide an opportunity to leverage our technology to
expand market opportunities for existing product lines. In addition, we utilize
cross-marketing opportunities to introduce additional products into geographic
markets where we have existing operations.
Engage in Controlled Growth via Strategic Acquisitions. Acquisitions have
played an important role in our growth strategy. In the past four years we have
completed seven significant acquisitions, with an emphasis on Springboard
businesses. Four of these acquisitions were in the electronic materials and the
pharmaceutical and fine chemicals markets, which exhibit significant growth
potential. In September 2001, we completed the acquisition of the dmc(2)
businesses, which significantly strengthened three of our core businesses,
including electronic materials. Although at present our internal resources are
primarily focused on integrating the dmc(2) businesses, strategic acquisitions
remain an important element of our long-term strategy.
Improve Our Cost Structure and Increase Efficiency. We continually seek to
optimize efficiency of operations by reducing our fixed cost structure in
relation to total operating costs. We manage our businesses on a global and
regional basis, minimizing the asset base and related costs required to support
market demand. In our acquired businesses we seek to maximize returns by
eliminating duplicate costs and realizing market and sourcing synergies.
S-4
THE OFFERING
Common stock offered................................. 4,500,000 shares(1)
Common stock to be outstanding after the offering....
39,560,151 shares(1)(2)
Use of proceeds...................................... We expect to use the net proceeds from this
offering to permanently reduce outstanding
borrowings under our revolving credit
facilities. See "Use of Proceeds" in this
prospectus supplement.
New York Stock Exchange Symbol....................... "FOE"
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(1) Does not include up to an aggregate of 500,000 shares of common stock
issuable upon exercise of an over-allotment option we have granted to the
underwriters in this offering.
(2) Based on shares outstanding on May 8, 2002. Excludes 4,251,456 shares of
common stock issuable pursuant to awards outstanding under our stock option
plans and 2,027,428 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of
outstanding shares of our preferred stock.
RISK FACTORS
A discussion of risks relating to an investment in our common stock is
contained under "Risk Factors" immediately following this summary.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
We are incorporated in the State of Ohio, and our executive offices are
located at 1000 Lakeside Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44114. Our telephone number is
(216) 641-8580.
S-5
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED HISTORICAL AND PRO FORMA FINANCIAL DATA
The following tables display our summary financial data for the periods
ended and as of the dates indicated. We derived certain of the historical data
for the years ended December 31, 1999, 2000 and 2001 from our audited
consolidated financial statements. We derived certain of the historical data for
the three-month periods ended March 31, 2001 and 2002 from our unaudited
condensed consolidated financial statements, which include all adjustments,
consisting of normal recurring accruals, that management considers necessary for
a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for
these periods. The historical data for the results of operations for the three
months ended March 31, 2002 are not necessarily indicative of results that may
be expected for any other interim period or for the full year ending December
31, 2002. The summary unaudited pro forma combined financial data give effect to
the dmc(2) acquisition, the borrowing of funds under our credit facilities in
connection with the dmc(2) acquisition, our issuance of senior notes in December
2001, this offering of common stock and application of the net proceeds from
such transactions, as applicable, as if each had occurred on January 1, 2001.
See "Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Income" in this
prospectus supplement. You should read this summary financial data in
conjunction with "Use of Proceeds," "Selected Financial Data" and "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in
this prospectus supplement, and with our consolidated financial statements
incorporated by reference in the accompanying prospectus. The pro forma results
are not necessarily indicative of the results that would have occurred if the
above transactions had taken place on the date indicated, or which may result in
the future.
PRO FORMA FOR
ACQUISITION AND PRO FORMA
HISTORICAL SENIOR NOTES COMBINED
------------------------------------ --------------- -----------
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1999 2000 2001(1) 2001(2) 2001(3)
---------- ---------- ---------- --------------- -----------
(AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(UNAUDITED)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Net sales........................................ $1,355,283 $1,447,284 $1,501,059 $1,825,941 $1,825,941
Cost of sales.................................... 976,877 1,053,220 1,133,676 1,364,719 1,364,719
Selling, administrative and general expenses..... 241,830 254,595 282,995 372,641 372,641
Other charges (income):
Interest expense............................... 18,343 24,925 37,976 70,931 64,059
Foreign currency transactions.................. (1,561) (2,422) (19,826) (20,030) (20,030)
Other income/expense -- net.................... 3,680 351 4,772 5,443 5,443
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Income before taxes.............................. 116,114 116,615 61,466 32,237 39,109
Income tax expense............................... 43,099 43,476 22,269 12,776 15,408
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Net income....................................... 73,015 73,139 39,197 19,461 23,701
Dividend on preferred stock, net of tax.......... 3,747 3,460 3,078 3,078 3,078
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Net income available to common shareholders...... $ 69,268 $ 69,679 $ 36,119 $ 16,383 $ 20,623
========== ========== ========== ========== ==========
Weighted average number of common shares
outstanding.................................... 35,197 34,561 34,246 34,246 38,746
Net income per common share...................... $ 1.97 $ 2.02 $ 1.05 $ 0.48 $ 0.53
========== ========== ========== ========== ==========
Weighted average number of common shares
outstanding -- assuming dilution............... 38,807 37,664 37,119 34,631(4) 39,131(4)
Net income per common share -- assuming
dilution....................................... $ 1.85 $ 1.92 $ 1.04 $ 0.47 $ 0.53
========== ========== ========== ========== ==========
OTHER DATA:
EBITDA(5)........................................ $ 182,958 $ 191,892 $ 167,227 $ 188,502 $ 188,502
Depreciation and amortization.................... 48,501 50,352 67,785 85,334 85,334
Capital expenditures............................. 76,244 65,405 53,808
S-6
PRO FORMA FOR
COMMON STOCK
HISTORICAL OFFERING(6)
------------------------- --------------
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31,
----------------------------------------------
2001 2002 2002
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(AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(UNAUDITED)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Net sales................................................... $370,694 $426,799 $426,799
Cost of sales............................................... 273,192 319,734 319,734
Selling, administrative and general expenses................ 66,453 78,454 78,454
Other charges (income):
Interest expense.......................................... 7,848 13,198 12,215
Foreign currency (gain) loss.............................. (183) 759 759
Other income/expense -- net............................... 1,505 3,387 3,387
-------- -------- --------
Income before taxes......................................... 21,879 11,267 12,250
Income tax expense.......................................... 7,913 4,046 4,422
-------- -------- --------
Net income.................................................. 13,966 7,221 7,828
Dividend on preferred stock, net of tax..................... 795 670 670
-------- -------- --------
Net income available to common shareholders................. $ 13,171 $ 6,551 $ 7,158
======== ======== ========
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding........ 34,179 34,641 39,141
Net income per common share................................. $ 0.39 $ 0.19 $ 0.18
======== ======== ========
Weighted average number of common shares
outstanding -- assuming dilution.......................... 37,196 37,634 42,134
Net income per common share -- assuming dilution............ $ 0.37 $ 0.19 $ 0.18
======== ======== ========
OTHER DATA:
EBITDA(5)................................................... $ 43,904 $ 43,039 $ 43,039
Depreciation and amortization............................... 14,177 18,574 18,574
Capital expenditures........................................ 12,053 7,280 7,280
HISTORICAL
----------------------------------
DECEMBER 31, 2001 MARCH 31, 2002
----------------- --------------
(AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS)
(UNAUDITED)
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash and cash equivalents................................... $ 15,317 $ 12,073
Total assets................................................ 1,732,559 1,706,507
Total debt (including short-term debt)...................... 849,246 800,432
Shareholders' equity........................................ 300,386 300,563
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(1) Includes the results of operations of the dmc(2) businesses from September
1, 2001, the effective date of the acquisition.
(2) Reflects pro forma effect of the dmc(2) acquisition, the related borrowing
of funds under our credit facilities, our issuance of senior notes in
December 2001 and the application of related proceeds. See "Notes to
Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Income" in this
prospectus supplement.
(3) Reflects pro forma effect of the dmc(2) acquisition, the related borrowing
of funds under our credit facilities, our issuance of senior notes in
December 2001, this offering of common stock (without giving effect to the
exercise of the over-allotment option) and the application of related
proceeds from such transactions, as applicable. See "Notes to Unaudited Pro
Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Income" in this prospectus
supplement.
(4) Excludes the conversion of preferred shares due to their antidilutive effect
on diluted net income per common share.
(5) EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation
and amortization and dividends on preferred stock net of tax. EBITDA is not
a measure of operating income, operating performance or liquidity under
generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the United States. We
include EBITDA because we understand it is used by some investors to
determine a company's historical ability to service indebtedness, and
because certain covenants in our borrowing arrangements are tied to similar
measures. Nevertheless, this measure should not be considered in isolation
or as a substitute for operating income (as determined in accordance with
GAAP), as an indicator of our operating performance, or of cash flows from
operating activities (as determined in accordance with GAAP), or as a
measure of liquidity. In addition, it should be noted that companies
calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented for us may
not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. See the audited
consolidated financial statements and related notes incorporated by
reference in the accompanying prospectus for the cash used in and provided
by operating activities.
(6) Reflects pro forma effect of this offering of common stock (without giving
effect to the exercise of the over-allotment option) and the application of
related proceeds. See "Notes to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined
Statements of Income" in this prospectus supplement.
S-7
RISK FACTORS
In considering whether to purchase our common stock, you should carefully
consider all of the information we have included or incorporated by reference in
this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. In particular, you
should carefully consider the risk factors described below.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS
WE MAY ENCOUNTER DIFFICULTIES ARISING FROM INTEGRATING OUR ACQUISITION OF THE
dmc(2) BUSINESSES.
Our acquisition of the dmc(2) businesses gives rise to the necessity of
integrating our various businesses in order to maximize the potential
efficiencies of our combined operations. We expect to realize significant
synergies and cost reduction opportunities from the combined operations, but
there is no guarantee of how long it will take to realize all benefits from the
integration of operations. Our management's attention to integration issues will
add to the task of managing our combined operations and there may be significant
costs associated with the integration. The success and cost of our integration
efforts may be impacted by:
- our ability to retain customers of the combined businesses;
- our ability to retain key management personnel;
- the increased scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our combined
operations;
- consolidation of specific operations as part of the overall integration
process;
- regulatory, political or social factors in the foreign jurisdictions in
which the dmc(2) businesses are operated; and
- our ability to meld different corporate cultures within the combined
operations.
WE HAVE SUBSTANTIAL LEVERAGE, WHICH COULD RESTRICT OUR GROWTH OR OTHERWISE
IMPAIR OUR ABILITY TO CONDUCT OUR BUSINESS.
We incurred significant additional indebtedness in connection with our
acquisition of the dmc(2) businesses, which has resulted in certain financial
ratios, including our leverage and fixed charges coverage ratios, exceeding
historical levels. As of March 31, 2002, we had approximately $778 million of
outstanding long-term indebtedness and approximately $301 million of
stockholders' equity.
The degree to which we are leveraged could have important consequences,
including the following:
- a substantial portion of our cash flow must be dedicated to the payment
of interest on our indebtedness, which may limit our ability to pursue
other business opportunities, to obtain additional financing in the
future for working capital, capital expenditures, research and
development, acquisitions or general corporate purposes, or to implement
our business strategy;
- our debt level and the possible related effects noted above could result
in a downgrade of our credit rating, as discussed in the immediately
following risk factor;
- our operations are restricted by the agreements governing our long-term
indebtedness, which contain certain financial and operating covenants;
- we are vulnerable to increases in interest rates since indebtedness under
our credit facilities is at variable rates of interest; and
- our substantial degree of leverage could make us relatively more
vulnerable in the event of a downturn in general economic conditions or
in our business.
Our ability to meet our operating expense requirements and to service our
debt obligations will depend on our future financial performance, which will be
affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business and other
factors, many of which are beyond our control. We cannot be certain that our
future cash flow will be sufficient to allow us to meet all of our obligations.
If we do not have enough
S-8
money to meet our obligations, we may be required to refinance all or part of
our existing debt, sell assets or borrow more money, and we may not be able to
do so on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.
WE WOULD BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED IF OUR DEBT WERE DOWNGRADED.
Our current credit ratings are BBB- by Standard & Poor's and Baa3 by
Moody's, with a negative outlook. Factors relating to our business, as well as
other factors beyond our control, may have a negative effect on our credit
ratings, and we may not be able to maintain our present ratings or improve the
outlook for those ratings. If our credit ratings were lowered to below
investment grade, we and our material subsidiaries would be required to grant
security interests in favor of the lenders under our credit facilities and the
holders of our senior notes. This could impair our ability to obtain additional
financing on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, and we would not be able
to repurchase for cash any shares of our capital stock. If our credit rating is
downgraded below BB by Standard & Poor's or Ba2 by Moody's, the agent under our
accounts receivable securitization facility has the right to terminate the
facility, which could adversely impact our liquidity and our ability to meet our
liquidity requirements.
WE MAY NOT HAVE ACCESS TO CAPITAL IN THE FUTURE AND OUR CURRENT FINANCING
ARRANGEMENTS MAY RESTRICT OUR ABILITY TO FINANCE OUR OPERATIONS AND CAPITAL
NEEDS OR ENGAGE IN OTHER ACTIVITIES.
We may need additional financing in the future to expand our business or
refinance existing indebtedness. If we are unable to access capital on
satisfactory terms and conditions, we may not be able to expand our business or
meet our payment requirements under our existing financing arrangements. Our
ability to obtain additional financing will depend upon a variety of factors,
many of which are beyond our control. We may not be able to obtain additional
financing because we have substantial debt or because we may not have sufficient
cash flow to service or repay our existing or additional debt. In addition,
equity financing may not be available on satisfactory terms or at all.
The agreements governing our indebtedness include certain covenants that
limit, under some circumstances, among other things:
- the incurrence of additional indebtedness (including guarantees);
- the payment of dividends on and the redemption or exchange of our capital
stock;
- certain sales of assets;
- sale and leaseback transactions;
- specific transactions with affiliates;
- the creation of liens;
- certain acquisitions, dispositions, consolidations, mergers, and
transfers of all or substantially all of our assets; and
- other restrictions with respect to our business activities.
Our debt agreements also require us to comply with financial covenants relating
to, among other things, fixed charges coverage and leverage ratios. A breach of
any of these covenants could result in a default under our debt agreements,
which could cause all amounts outstanding under such debt agreements, together
with accrued interest, to be immediately due and payable.
WE MAY FACE PRICE VOLATILITY OR FLUCTUATIONS IN THE SUPPLY OF OUR PRINCIPAL RAW
MATERIALS.
The primary raw materials we use in our business are titanium dioxide,
resins, thermoplastic polymers, cobalt oxide, zinc oxide, zircon sand, borates,
porcelain, silica, steric acid and tallow. Other important raw materials include
silver, nickel, copper, palladium, platinum and other precious metals. The cost
of raw materials fluctuates due to actual or perceived changes in supply and
demand. We are generally able to pass increases in raw material prices through
to our customers, although we may not be able to maintain
S-9
at all times an appropriate differential between our product prices and raw
material prices. In addition, we do have some exposure to cost fluctuations for
precious metals held in inventory. Although we believe that the raw materials
essential to our operations both in the United States and overseas are
obtainable from multiple sources worldwide, we cannot assure you that we will be
able to obtain suitable or cost-effective substitutes for our current suppliers.
An interruption in the supply or an increase in the price of raw materials could
have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results
of operations.
IF WE LOSE KEY PERSONNEL, OUR BUSINESS MAY BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED.
Our success depends in part upon a number of key employees, including our
senior management team, whose members have been involved in the specialty
chemicals business for an average of approximately 23 years. The loss of the
services of our key employees could have a materially adverse effect on our
business. With the exception of our Chief Executive Officer, we do not have
employment agreements with our key employees.
WE ARE SUBJECT TO STRINGENT ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION, WHICH MAY CAUSE US TO
INCUR SIGNIFICANT COSTS AND LIABILITIES.
We are subject to stringent laws and regulations relating to the
environment, particularly with respect to plant wastes and emissions, and we
have expended, and may be required to expend in the future, substantial funds
for compliance with such laws and regulations. In addition, we have been, and
may from time to time continue to be, subjected to claims for personal injury,
property damages or natural resource damages made by third parties or
regulators.
On May 4, 1999, and December 16, 1999, the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) issued Notices of Violation alleging that we
violated various requirements of the Clean Air Act and related state laws in
modifying and operating the Pyro-Chek(R) process. We completed the sale of
assets relating to the Pyro-Chek(R) process and ceased production of
Pyro-Chek(R) in June 2000. We have reached a settlement of this matter with the
U.S. EPA, the State of Indiana and local authorities that resolves the issues
raised. The settlement is subject to approval by the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Indiana. We cannot assure you that the
settlement will be approved in the form proposed or at all.
We and our international subsidiaries spent $5.8 million in capital
expenditures for environmental control in 2001 and our best estimate of what we
expect capital expenditures for environmental control to be in 2002 and 2003 is
$4.9 million and $4.6 million, respectively. Our estimated capital expenditures
for environmental matters are subject to evolving regulatory requirements and
unforeseen enforcement actions or litigation. As a result, we can provide no
assurance that our future costs and expenditures with respect to environmental
matters will not be materially greater than our historical or estimated costs.
CHANGING SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS RELATING TO OUR FOREIGN
OPERATIONS.
A substantial part of our business occurs in foreign countries. We have
subsidiaries that operate manufacturing and other facilities in Argentina,
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and
Venezuela. During 2001, sales originating outside of the U.S. and Canada
accounted for approximately 46% of our net sales. The additional risks of
foreign operations include rapid changes in social, political and economic
climates; changes in foreign and domestic taxation; lack of stable systems of
law in some countries; susceptibility to loss of protection of patent rights and
other intellectual property rights, expatriation laws adversely affecting
international transfers of funds; nationalization of property; civil
disturbances; war and other disruptions affecting operations. International
operations and investments may also be negatively affected by laws and policies
of the United States and other countries affecting international trade,
investment and taxation. Certain social, political or economic events could
materially and adversely impact our operating results and financial condition.
S-10
WE ARE EXPOSED TO FLUCTUATIONS IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES, WHICH MAY ADVERSELY
AFFECT OUR OPERATING RESULTS AND NET INCOME.
We operate our business in many different countries and market our products
worldwide. Although most of our raw material purchases and product sales are
transacted in U.S. dollars, certain assets, liabilities and transactions for our
international subsidiaries are denominated in foreign currencies. In addition,
fluctuations in exchange rates may affect product demand and may adversely
affect the profitability in U.S. dollars of products and services provided by us
in foreign markets where payment for our products and services is made in the
local currency. Fluctuations in currency rates could adversely affect our
operating results and net income.
THE CHEMICALS INDUSTRY IS CYCLICAL.
A substantial portion of our revenue is attributable to products and
markets that historically have been cyclical and sensitive to relative changes
in supply and demand and general economic conditions. Historically, the markets
for some of our products have experienced alternating periods of tight supply,
causing prices and margins to increase, followed by periods of capacity
additions, resulting in oversupply and declining prices and margins. Future
growth in demand for these products may not be sufficient to alleviate any
then-existing conditions of excess industry capacity.
LIMITATIONS ON PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY.
We rely on a combination of patent, trade secret, copyright and trademark
law, nondisclosure agreements and technical security measures to protect our
intellectual property rights in our various lines of business. Our success may
depend in part upon our ability to establish, protect and enforce intellectual
property rights with respect to our patented technologies and proprietary rights
and to defend against any claims of infringement, which involves complex legal,
scientific and factual questions and uncertainties. If we are not able to
protect our proprietary rights, the value of some of our technologies could be
severely limited.
WE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY TO TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN OUR
INDUSTRY OR IN OUR CUSTOMERS' PRODUCTS.
It is important that we maintain and enhance our technological
capabilities, develop products and applications that satisfy evolving customer
needs and deal with technological changes on a cost-effective and timely basis.
Expenditures for research and development activities relating to the development
or significant improvement of new and/or existing products, services and
techniques (including the dmc(2) businesses subsequent to their acquisition)
were approximately $30 million in 2001, $30 million in 2000 and $31 million in
1999. We may not have sufficient capital to continue to fund research and
development costs at these or other appropriate levels in the future, which
could hamper our ability to respond effectively to technological changes in our
industry or in our customers' products.
STRIKES, WORK STOPPAGES, SLOWDOWNS AND THE INABILITY TO RENEW OUR EXISTING LABOR
AGREEMENTS COULD NEGATIVELY AFFECT OUR BUSINESS.
At December 31, 2001, we employed 9,348 full-time employees, including
6,493 employees in our foreign subsidiaries and affiliates and 2,855 employees
in the United States. Approximately 29% of our domestic workforce is covered by
labor agreements, and approximately 15% is affected by labor agreements that
expire in 2002. We cannot assure you that our relations with the unionized
portion of our workforce will remain positive. In the event of a strike, work
stoppage or slowdown, we may not be able to meet the needs of our customers and
our business, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively
affected. In addition, we may not be able to negotiate new labor agreements as
they expire on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
S-11
OUR BUSINESS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS MAY BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY ACTS OF
TERRORISM.
While we believe the consequences of recent acts of terrorism have not
adversely impacted our businesses, political and economic instability that could
result from these or future acts of terrorism may have a material adverse effect
on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
RISKS RELATED TO THE OFFERING
THE PRICE OF OUR STOCK IS SUBJECT TO FLUCTUATION, WHICH MAY MAKE IT MORE
DIFFICULT TO REALIZE A GAIN ON YOUR INVESTMENT IN OUR COMMON STOCK.
Various factors, such as general economic conditions and changes or
volatility in the financial markets, announcements or significant developments
with respect to the automotive industry, actual or anticipated variations in our
quarterly or annual financial results, the introduction of new products or
technologies by us or our competitors, changes in other conditions or trends in
our industry or in the market of any of our significant customers, changes in
governmental regulation or changes in securities analysts' estimates of our
future performance or that of our competitors or our industry, could cause the
market price of the common stock to fluctuate.
OUR STOCK PRICE MAY BE AFFECTED IF ADDITIONAL SHARES ARE SOLD.
Future sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the
public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices and the price of
our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future
sales of our equity securities. Upon completion of this offering, we will have
39,560,151 shares of common stock issued and outstanding (40,060,151 shares, if
the underwriters fully exercise their over-allotment option). All of the shares
sold in this offering, and any shares issued upon exercise of the underwriters'
overallotment option, will be freely tradeable without restriction under the
Securities Act of 1933, unless purchased by our affiliates.
Subject to important exceptions described under "Underwriting," our
executive officers and directors have agreed not to sell or transfer any common
stock without the permission of Salomon Smith Barney Inc. for a period of 90
days from the date of this prospectus supplement. Our executive officers and
directors who are subject to this lock-up will beneficially own, upon completion
of this offering, approximately 2.2% of our common stock. Sales of a substantial
number of shares of our common stock following the expiration of this lock-up
period could cause our stock price to fall.
OUR GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND OHIO LAW CONTAIN SOME PROVISIONS THAT MAY PREVENT OR
MAKE MORE DIFFICULT AN ATTEMPT TO ACQUIRE US.
Our articles of incorporation and code of regulations contain some
provisions that may be deemed to have antitakeover effects, including a
classified board of directors and the ability of the board to establish one or
more series of preferred stock, having such number of shares, designations,
relative voting rights, dividend rates, liquidation and other rights,
preferences and limitations as the board may fix, without further stockholder
approval. We are an Ohio corporation and Ohio law contains provisions that are
applicable in the context of a variety of transactions that could result in a
change of control. We maintain a Shareholder Rights Plan pursuant to which each
share of outstanding common stock also represents one right that, under specific
circumstances, will entitle holders to purchase additional shares of common
stock at a favorable price. The Shareholder Rights Plan and the other provisions
discussed above may have antitakeover effects because they may delay, defer or
prevent an unsolicited acquisition proposal that some, or a majority, of our
shareholders might believe to be in their best interests or in which
shareholders might receive a premium for their common stock over the then
prevailing market price of such shares.
S-12
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus supplement (including information incorporated by reference
in the accompanying prospectus) contains forward-looking statements within the
meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements are not
historical facts, but rather are predictions and generally can be identified by
use of statements that include phrases such as "believe," "expect,"
"anticipate," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "foresee" or other words or phrases
of similar import. Similarly, statements that describe our future financial
condition or results of operations, objectives, plans, goals or future
performance and business also are forward-looking statements. These
forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could
cause actual results to differ materially from those currently anticipated. In
light of these risks and uncertainties, the forward-looking events might or
might not occur. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ
materially from those suggested by these forward-looking statements and that
could adversely affect our future financial performance are described under
"Risk Factors" and also include the following:
- current and future economic conditions in the United States and
worldwide, including continuing economic uncertainties in some or all of
our major product markets;
- the outcome of our efforts to integrate the dmc(2) businesses we acquired
in 2001;
- changes in customer requirements, markets or industries we serve;
- changes in the prices of major raw materials or sources of energy;
- risks related to fluctuating currency rates, changing legal, tax and
regulatory requirements that affect our businesses and changing social
and political conditions in the many countries in which we operate;
- political or economic instability as a result of acts of terrorism or
otherwise; and
- our access to capital, primarily in the U.S. capital markets, and any
restrictions placed on us by current or future financing arrangements.
The risks and uncertainties identified above are not the only risks we
face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we
currently believe to be immaterial also may adversely affect us. Should any
known or unknown risks and uncertainties develop into actual events, these
developments could have material adverse effects on our business, financial
condition and results of operations.
S-13
USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering, after deducting the
applicable underwriting discount and other expenses payable by us, will be
approximately $118.0 million, or $131.2 million if the underwriters exercise
their over-allotment option in full. We intend to use the net proceeds from this
offering to permanently reduce outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit
facilities. The revolving credit facilities bear interest, at our election, at a
rate equal to LIBOR or the greater of the prime rate established by National
City Bank, Cleveland, Ohio and the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50%,
plus, in each case, applicable margins. Borrowings under the revolving credit
facilities were used to repay a portion of our borrowings under the capital
markets short-term credit portion of our senior credit facility. Such borrowings
were used in part to complete acquisitions over the past two years.
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and
capitalization as of March 31, 2002 on an actual basis, and as adjusted to give
effect to this offering and the application of the estimated proceeds as
described under "Use of Proceeds" above. The table should be read in conjunction
with "Use of Proceeds" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations" contained in this prospectus supplement and
our consolidated financial statements incorporated by reference in the
accompanying prospectus.
MARCH 31, 2002
-------------------------
ACTUAL AS ADJUSTED
---------- -----------
(AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS)
(UNAUDITED)
Cash and cash equivalents................................... $ 12,073 $ 12,073
========== ==========
Debt:
Senior credit facilities(1)............................... $ 426,133 $ 308,133
9.125% senior notes due 2009.............................. 195,865 195,865
7.125% debentures due 2028................................ 54,453 54,453
7.625% debentures due 2013................................ 24,835 24,835
8.00% debentures due 2025................................. 49,463 49,463
7.375% debentures due 2015................................ 24,951 24,951
Notes and loans payable................................... 22,645 22,645
Other debt................................................ 2,087 2,087
---------- ----------
Total debt (including short-term debt)................. 800,432 682,432
Total shareholders' equity.................................. 300,563 418,563
---------- ----------
Total capitalization........................................ $1,100,995 $1,100,995
========== ==========
---------------
(1) Our senior credit facilities are made up of a $373 million five-year
revolving credit facility and a $187 million 364-day revolving credit
facility.
S-14
PRICE RANGE OF OUR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND HISTORY
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol
"FOE." The number of shareholders of record of our common stock was 2,025 as of
May 8, 2002. Information relating to the recent price and dividend history of
our common stock follows:
PRICE RANGE OF
COMMON STOCK DIVIDENDS
---------------- DECLARED
HIGH LOW PER SHARE
------ ------ ---------
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000
1st Quarter........................................... $23.50 $17.31 $0.145
2nd Quarter........................................... 25.13 17.81 0.145
3rd Quarter........................................... 23.88 17.63 0.145
4th Quarter........................................... 23.25 18.44 0.145
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001
1st Quarter........................................... $24.70 $19.93 $0.145
2nd Quarter........................................... 22.84 19.41 0.145
3rd Quarter........................................... 23.84 20.90 0.145
4th Quarter........................................... 26.50 21.20 0.145
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2002
1st Quarter........................................... $29.14 $23.76 $0.145
2nd Quarter (through May 9, 2002)..................... 29.98 27.17 0.145
Payment of dividends is made at the discretion of our board of directors
and depends upon our financial condition, operating results, capital
requirements and other factors our board of directors deems relevant. Our senior
credit facilities and the indenture governing our senior notes contain
provisions that, in some circumstances, could limit our ability to pay
dividends.
DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK
We are authorized to issue up to 300,000,000 shares of common stock, par
value $1.00 per share. For a description of the terms of our common stock, see
"Description of Common Stock" in the accompanying prospectus.
S-15
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of income
have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These statements give pro forma
effect to the dmc(2) acquisition, the borrowing of funds under our credit
facilities in connection with the dmc(2) acquisition, our issuance of senior
notes in December 2001, this offering of common stock and application of the net
proceeds from such transactions, as applicable, as if each had occurred on
January 1, 2001. You should read these unaudited pro forma condensed combined
statements of income in conjunction with our consolidated historical financial
statements and related notes incorporated by reference into the accompanying
prospectus. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of income
include preliminary estimates with respect to the allocation of the purchase
price for the dmc(2) acquisition and other assumptions that management believes
are reasonable. The pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of the
results that would have occurred if the above transactions had taken place on
the date indicated, or which may result in the future.
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001(1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dmc(2) ACQUISITION AND PRO FORMA FOR COMMON STOCK
FERRO BUSINESSES SENIOR NOTES ACQUISITION AND OFFERING PRO FORMA
HISTORICAL(2) HISTORICAL(3) ADJUSTMENTS(4) SENIOR NOTES ADJUSTMENTS(4) COMBINED
------------- ------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ----------
(AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Net sales............ $1,501,059 $324,882 $ -- $1,825,941 $ -- $1,825,941
Cost of sales........ 1,133,676 233,843 (2,800)(a) 1,364,719 -- 1,364,719
Selling,
administrative and
general
expenses........... 282,995 93,896 (4,250)(b) 372,641 -- 372,641
Other charges
(income):
Interest expense... 37,976 5,111 27,844(c,d,f) 70,931 (6,872)(g) 64,059
Foreign currency
transactions..... (19,826) (204) -- (20,030) -- (20,030)
Other income/
expense--net..... 4,772 671 -- 5,443 -- 5,443
---------- -------- -------- ---------- ------- ----------
Income (loss) before
taxes.............. 61,466 (8,435) (20,794) 32,237 6,872 39,109
Income tax expense
(benefit).......... 22,269 (427) (9,066)(e) 12,776 2,632(h) 15,408
---------- -------- -------- ---------- ------- ----------
Net income (loss).... 39,197 $ (8,008) $(11,728) 19,461 $ 4,240 23,701
======== ======== =======
Dividend on preferred
stock, net of
tax................ 3,078 3,078 3,078
---------- ---------- ----------
Net income (loss)
available to common
shareholders....... $ 36,119 $ 16,383 $ 20,623
========== ========== ==========
Weighted average
number of common
shares
outstanding........ 34,246 34,246 38,746
Net income per common
share.............. $ 1.05 $ 0.48 $ 0.53
========== ========== ==========
Weighted average
number of common
shares
outstanding --
assuming
dilution........... 37,119 34,631(i) 39,131(i)
Net income per common
share -- assuming
dilution........... $ 1.04 $ 0.47 $ 0.53
========== ========== ==========
S-16
THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2002(1)
----------------------------------------------
COMMON STOCK PRO FORMA FOR
FERRO OFFERING COMMON STOCK
HISTORICAL ADJUSTMENTS(4) OFFERING
----------- --------------- --------------
(AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(UNAUDITED)
Net sales................................................... $426,799 $426,799
Cost of sales............................................... 319,734 319,734
Selling, administrative and general
expenses.................................................. 78,454 78,454
Other charges:
Interest expense.......................................... 13,198 (983)(g) 12,215
Foreign currency transactions............................. 759 759
Other income/expense--net................................. 3,387 3,387
-------- ----- --------
Income before taxes......................................... 11,267 983 12,250
Income tax expense (benefit)................................ 4,406 376(h) 4,422
-------- ----- --------
Net income.................................................. 7,221 607 7,828
Dividend on preferred stock, net of tax..................... 670 670
-------- ----- --------
Net income available to common shareholders................. $ 6,551 $ 607 $ 7,158
======== ===== ========
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding........ 34,641 39,141
Net income per common share................................. $ 0.19 $ 0.18
======== ========
Weighted average number of common shares
outstanding -- assuming dilution.......................... 37,634 42,134
Net income per common share -- assuming dilution............ $ 0.19 $ 0.18
======== ========
NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
NOTE 1 -- BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of income for the
year ended December 31, 2001 and the three months ended March 31, 2002 have been
prepared assuming that the dmc(2) acquisition, the borrowing of funds under our
credit facilities in connection with the dmc(2) acquisition, our issuance of
senior notes in December 2001, this offering of common stock and application of
the net proceeds from such transactions, as applicable, each had occurred on
January 1, 2001.
The amounts shown for the dmc(2) businesses in the unaudited pro forma
condensed combined statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2001 have
been derived from the unaudited income statement for the eight months ended
August 31, 2001 of the dmc(2) businesses (as adjusted to give effect to the
differences between German GAAP and U.S. GAAP). The results of operations of the
dmc(2) businesses for the four months ended December 31, 2001 are included in
the Ferro historical period for the year ended December 31, 2001. In addition,
the amounts are presented in U.S. dollars using an average exchange rate of
0.4540 U.S. dollars per German mark for the eight months ended August 31, 2001.
NOTE 2 -- FERRO HISTORICAL RESULTS
Includes the results of operations of the dmc(2) businesses from September
1, 2001, the effective date of the acquisition.
NOTE 3 -- dmc(2) HISTORICAL RESULTS
Represents results of the dmc(2) businesses for the eight months ended
August 31, 2001 (as adjusted to give effect to the differences between German
GAAP and U.S. GAAP). Amounts are presented in U.S. dollars using an average
exchange rate of 0.4540 U.S. dollars per German mark.
S-17
NOTE 4 -- PRO FORMA ADJUSTMENTS
a. Adjustment results from a decrease in depreciation expense to reflect a
change for the dmc(2) businesses from accelerated depreciation to straight-line
depreciation over an average remaining useful life of ten years. The pro forma
depreciation expense is based on the estimated fair market value of property,
plant, and equipment of the dmc(2) businesses.
b. Adjustment eliminates amortization of goodwill in historical statements
of the dmc(2) businesses under provisions of Financial Accounting Standards
Board Statement No. 142 "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets."
c. Adjustment of $(4,467) eliminates the interest expense related to debt
not assumed in the acquisition.
d. Adjustment of $13,924 recognizes additional interest expense on
acquisition debt at variable interest rates. The weighted average variable
interest rate used on the acquisition debt was 5.82% for the year ended December
31, 2001.
e. Adjustment recognizes income tax effects on above adjustments at the
effective tax rate, except for item b, which has no impact on income taxes.
f. Adjustment of $18,387 recognizes (i) additional interest expense,
including amortization of underwriting and original issue discount, at an
effective interest rate of 9.53% and (ii) amortization of other transaction fees
and expenses, in each case related to the sale of the notes issued in December
2001 and eliminates interest expense at rates specified in item d related to the
reduction of the capital markets term facility.
g. Adjustment eliminates interest expense, at a weighted average variable
rate of 5.82% for the year ended December 31, 2001 and 3.38% for the three-month
period ended March 31, 2002, related to the sale of the common stock offered by
this prospectus supplement (without giving effect to the exercise of the
over-allotment option) and use of the related net proceeds to reduce debt under
the revolving credit facilities.
h. Adjustment recognizes income tax effects on adjustment item g at the
U.S. statutory tax rate plus applicable state and local tax rates net of federal
benefits.
i. Excludes the conversion of preferred shares due to their antidilutive
effect on diluted net income per common share.
S-18
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table sets forth our selected historical financial data for
each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2001 and the
three-month periods ended March 31, 2001 and 2002. We derived certain of the
selected historical financial data from our audited consolidated financial
statements for the years ended December 31, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001. We
derived certain of the historical data for the three-month periods ended March
31, 2001 and 2002 from our unaudited condensed consolidated financial
statements, which include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring
accruals, that management considers necessary for a fair presentation of the
financial position and results of operations for these periods. The historical
data for the results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2002 are
not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim
period or for the full year ending December 31, 2002. The selected financial
data should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial
statements incorporated by reference in the accompanying prospectus.
THREE MONTHS ENDED
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, MARCH 31,
-------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001(4) 2001 2002
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
(AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT RATIOS AND PER SHARE DATA)
(UNAUDITED)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Net sales...................... $1,381,280 $1,361,844 $1,355,283 $1,447,284 $1,501,059 $ 370,694 $ 426,799
Cost of sales.................. 1,028,069 997,583 976,877 1,053,220 1,133,676 273,192 319,734
Selling, administrative and
general expenses............. 233,674 235,155 241,830 254,595 282,995 66,453 78,454
Realignment charge............. 152,790 -- -- -- -- -- --
Other charges (income):
Interest expense............. 12,163 15,284 18,343 24,925 37,976 7,848 13,198
Foreign currency (gain)
loss....................... (2,246) (944) (1,561) (2,422) (19,826) (183) 759
Other
income/expense -- net...... 5,300 4,285 3,680 351 4,772 1,505 3,387
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Income (loss) before taxes..... (48,470) 110,481 116,114 116,615 61,466 21,879 11,267
Income tax expense (benefit)... (11,193) 41,199 43,099 43,476 22,269 7,913 4,046
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Net income (loss).............. (37,277) 69,282 73,015 73,139 39,197 13,966 7,221
Dividend on preferred stock,
net of tax................... 3,757 3,789 3,747 3,460 3,078 795 670
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Net income (loss) available to
common shareholders.......... $ (41,034) $ 65,493 $ 69,268 $ 69,679 $ 36,119 $ 13,171 $ 6,551
========== ========== ========== ========== ========== ========== ==========
Return on Average Shareholders'
Equity:...................... -- 24.9% 25.2% 24.1% 12.9% 18.1% 9.6%
PER COMMON SHARE DATA:(1)
Diluted earnings (loss)...... $ (1.08) $ 1.67 $ 1.85 $ 1.92 $ 1.04 $ 0.37 $ 0.19
Cash dividends............... 0.43 0.495 0.55 0.58 0.58 0.145 0.145
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Current assets(2).............. $ 426,686 $ 450,194 $ 487,986 $ 436,248 $ 600,580 $ 419,988 $ 583,456
Current liabilities(2)......... 260,199 260,829 317,421 341,799 405,226 312,853 425,866
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Working capital.............. 166,487 189,365 170,565 94,449 195,354 107,135 157,590
Net property, plant and
equipment.................... 240,180 272,735 330,393 425,728 624,463 419,837 617,025
Total assets................... 785,679 849,165 971,750 1,127,005 1,732,559 1,098,725 1,706,507
Long-term debt, excluding
current portion.............. 102,020 156,283 236,794 350,781 829,740 355,295 777,787
Shareholders' equity........... 273,151 283,261 296,995 309,158 300,386 308,048 300,563
OTHER DATA:
Capital expenditures........... $ 45,129 $ 60,274 $ 76,244 $ 65,405 $ 53,808 $ 12,053 $ 7,280
Depreciation and
amortization................. 44,975 43,122 48,501 50,352 67,785 14,177 18,574
EBITDA(3)...................... 8,668 168,887 182,958 191,892 167,227 43,904 43,039
Cash flow from operations...... 130,283 80,031 127,155 114,451 219,436 18,887 36,362
---------------
(1) Diluted earnings per share are based on a weighted average of common shares
outstanding and reflect the potential dilution of earnings per share,
assuming that certain stock options whose exercise price is
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less than the average market price for the stock are exercised and that
convertible preferred shares are converted into common shares. Book value is
based on outstanding common shares and net worth at the end of the year.
Outstanding common shares and per share data are adjusted to reflect the
3-for-2 stock split in November 1997.
(2) Current assets and current liabilities for the years ended December 31,
1997, 1998 and 1999 were reclassified to conform to the balance sheet
presentation of certain pension assets and liabilities for the years ended
December 31, 2000 and 2001. Current assets were reduced by $344, $934 and
$2,543 for the years 1997, 1998 and 1999, respectively, and other
non-current assets were increased by the corresponding amounts. Current
liabilities were reduced by $17,508, $21,727 and $20,212 for the years 1997,
1998 and 1999, respectively, and other non-current liabilities were
increased by the corresponding amounts.
(3) EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation
and amortization and dividends on preferred stock net of tax. EBITDA is not
a measure of operating income, operating performance or liquidity under
GAAP. We include EBITDA because we understand it is used by some investors
to determine a company's historical ability to service indebtedness, and
because certain covenants in our borrowing arrangements are tied to similar
measures. Nevertheless, this measure should not be considered in isolation
or as a substitute for operating income (as determined in accordance with
GAAP), as an indicator of our operating performance, or of cash flows from
operating activities (as determined in accordance with GAAP), or as a
measure of liquidity. In addition, it should be noted that companies
calculate EBITDA differently and, therefore, EBITDA as presented for us may
not be comparable to EBITDA reported by other companies. See the audited
consolidated financial statements and related notes incorporated by
reference in the accompanying prospectus for the cash used in and provided
by operating activities.
(4) Includes the results of operations of the dmc(2) businesses from September
1, 2001, the effective date of the acquisition.
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following management's discussion and analysis of financial condition
and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the historical
audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes incorporated by
reference in the accompanying prospectus.
OVERVIEW
In early 1999, management adopted strategies to create profitable growth
and expand on our market leadership positions. In the three-year period ending
in 2001, we completed seven acquisitions and divested two businesses, and
allocated resources among the businesses with an emphasis on generating
profitable growth. An important element in executing these strategies was the
acquisition of the dmc(2) businesses on September 7, 2001. We expect this
transaction to contribute significantly to repositioning our portfolio toward
higher growth businesses, solidifying our leading market position in core
businesses and furthering our geographic diversity.
With the completion of the dmc(2) acquisition in 2001 and with weaker
economic conditions emerging throughout the year, all of our businesses have
focused on cost reduction and cash flow generation. As a result, cash flows
generated from operations totaled $219.4 million in 2001, an increase of 91.7%
compared with 2000. This allowed us to reduce borrowings by approximately $124.2
million in 2001, before considering leverage added by acquisitions, despite the
weakening economic conditions and the resulting reduction of earnings in 2001.
Since the dmc(2) acquisition, we have continued our efforts to reduce
working capital and maximize cash flows to mitigate, in part, the impact of
economic conditions on results of operations. In the near term, our primary
focus will be to capitalize on the synergies available from integrating the
dmc(2) businesses. We believe that significant cost savings can be achieved
through eliminating duplicate facilities, reducing overhead and capitalizing on
raw material sourcing synergies. We expect that ongoing efforts to integrate the
dmc(2) businesses will likely result in severance and plant consolidation
charges throughout 2002.
Despite some recent signs of economic recovery, we are continuing our
aggressive cost containment measures. These efforts, combined with expected
synergies from the dmc(2) acquisition, should further improve our cost position
in 2002 and thereafter. In addition, due to recent trends and events, we expect
that certain costs, including insurance, health care and pension expenses, will
increase in 2002, offsetting, in part, the benefits of the cost reduction
efforts in the near term.
Factors that could adversely affect our future financial performance
include any deterioration in economic conditions over the near term or a
possible delay in economic recovery, increases in raw material prices,
unfavorable currency rate fluctuations, increases in interest rates and
unexpected difficulties in integrating the dmc(2) businesses.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
COMPARISON OF THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2002 AND 2001
First quarter 2002 net sales of $426.8 million were 15.1% higher than the
$370.7 million of sales for the comparable 2001 period. Sales increased 32.5% in
the Coatings segment and declined 9.1% in the Performance Chemicals segment.
Overall volume increased 22.1% for the quarter, including the effect of
acquisitions. The increased volume was primarily due to the acquisition of
certain businesses of dmc(2). The additional volume from this acquisition more
than offset lower demand levels as a result of the economic conditions in the
United States and Europe. A shift toward more economically sensitive products
had an adverse price/mix impact of about 5% on a year-over-year basis. Currency
also reduced sales by about 2% this period versus the first quarter of last
year.
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Gross margins were 25.1% of sales compared with 26.3% for the comparable
2001 period. The lower gross margins compared to the prior year primarily
stemmed from lower demand and capacity utilization, our inventory reduction
program, which yielded a reduction in inventory of approximately $14.8 million
in the first quarter of 2002, and the unfavorable mix/price shift described
above.
Selling, administrative and general expenses were $78.5 million in the
first quarter of 2002 compared with $66.5 million in the first quarter of 2001.
The increase was due primarily to the addition of dmc(2) operating expenses
offset partially by cost reductions achieved related to the integration of the
dmc(2) businesses.
Interest expense was $13.2 million for the first quarter of 2002, compared
to $7.8 million for the first quarter of 2001. The higher interest expenses were
due to additional debt related to the acquisition of the dmc(2) businesses.
Net income for the quarter ended March 31, 2002 was $7.2 million versus
$14.0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2001. The lower net income was
primarily due to lower gross margins and higher selling, general and
administrative costs, offset partially by the added earnings from the acquired
dmc(2) businesses and cost reductions related to the integration of those
businesses. Earnings per diluted common share were $0.19 for the first quarter
of 2002, including a reduction for integration costs of $1.2 million or $0.02
per share, compared with $0.37 per share for the prior year period ($0.40 per
share if FASB Statement No. 142 had been effective for that period).
Segment Results. Sales in the Coatings segment were $286.3 million in the
first quarter, compared with first quarter 2001 sales of $216.2 million.
Operating income was $24.0 million in the quarter, compared with $21.9 million
in the year-ago quarter. The increase in sales reflects higher volume related to
the dmc(2) acquisition, which was partially offset by the effect of reduced
demand in the United States and Europe. The operating income increase is due to
the higher volume and the realization of cost synergies from the dmc(2)
integration, including significant efforts to reduce selling, general and
administrative costs. Overall, the segment experienced stronger demand in the
United States during the 2002 first quarter, driven by the automotive, building
and renovation and durable goods markets, as compared to the 2001 fourth
quarter. Demand in the electronics market improved in the 2002 first quarter as
compared to the 2001 fourth quarter, especially in the Far East, but remained
well below prior-year levels. European market conditions improved slightly
during the first quarter versus the fourth quarter of 2001, but remained at a
relatively weak level.
Sales in the Performance Chemicals segment for the first quarter of 2002
were $140.5 million, compared with $154.5 million in the first quarter of last
year. Operating income was $9.9 million in the quarter, down from $13.3 million
a year ago. The decline in sales and earnings reflected reduced demand and
changes in product mix and prices in certain businesses as compared to the first
quarter of 2001. The segment started to experience a rebound in market demand
and volume in the United States during the first quarter of 2002, led by the
automotive, building and renovation, durable goods and consumer packaging
markets. Demand remained soft across most European markets.
Geographic Sales. Sales in the United States were $217.1 million for the
three months ended March 31, 2002 compared with $214.7 million for the three
months ended March 31, 2001. International sales were $209.7 million for the
three months ended March 31, 2002, compared with $156.0 million for the three
months ended March 31, 2001. The sales growth in both of these geographic areas
was driven primarily by the dmc(2) acquisition.
COMPARISON OF THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2001 AND 2000
Consolidated net sales of $1.50 billion for 2001 represents an all-time
record level of revenue for us, and a 3.7% increase over the 2000 level. Sales
for 2001 were aided by acquisition growth, including the acquisition of the
dmc(2) businesses in September 2001. Excluding acquisitions, sales would have
declined due to lower sales volumes (particularly in the United States), $22.3
million of negative currency translation and a divestiture completed in 2000.
Sales were adversely affected by the worldwide economic
S-22
decline, and particularly by the weakness in the United States durable goods and
construction markets, and in the worldwide electronic materials markets.
Gross margin as a percent of sales was 24.5% in 2001 compared with 27.2%
for 2000. Lower gross margins were a result of lower sales and production
volumes (particularly in the operations in the United States), our inventory
reduction program (which further reduced capacity utilization), higher energy
costs, and charges related to employment cost reduction programs and integration
and inventory costs related to the dmc(2) acquisition.
Selling, administrative and general expenses were $283.0 million, or 18.9%
of sales, compared with $254.6 million, or 17.6% of sales, for 2000. Selling,
administrative and general costs associated with acquisitions completed over the
past two years, and severance and integration costs, resulted in the higher
expense levels during 2001.
Interest expense for 2001 increased as compared with 2000 due to the
substantial increase in total indebtedness resulting from acquisitions completed
in 2000 and 2001, partially offset by declines in variable interest rates. We
benefited from low variable interest rates in 2001 and, at December 31, 2001,
continued to have a significant component of our indebtedness with variable rate
instruments. If interest rates were to rise significantly, we could incur a
significant increase in interest expense.
Currency gains increased significantly in 2001 as a result of forward
contracts initiated for purposes of mitigating the effects of currency movements
on the cash flow requirements of the dmc(2) acquisition. Subsequent
strengthening of the euro resulted in the realization of approximately $16.9
million of foreign currency gains in the third quarter of 2001. We have used and
continue to use certain foreign currency instruments to offset the effect of
changing exchange rates on foreign subsidiary earnings. Such contracts are
accounted for at market value and reported gains or losses will vary based on
movement in currency rates.
Other expense increased due to costs associated with our accounts
receivable securitization program, initiated in the fourth quarter of 2000, and
the costs associated with the financing of the dmc(2) acquisition. Diluted
earnings per share were $1.04 for 2001, down from $1.92 for 2000. The lower
earnings per share reflect the weakening economic conditions throughout 2001,
particularly in the United States.
Segment Results. Coatings sales for 2001 were $920.7 million, compared
with sales of $878.5 million for 2000. Growth from acquisitions was offset by
lower sales volume in North America and weakness during the year of the euro
versus the U.S. dollar. Foreign currency translation reduced segment sales by
$17.3 million in 2001 versus 2000. Segment income was $71.1 million compared
with $99.5 million reported in 2000. Lower segment earnings were a result of
lower volumes in the United States, the weakening of the euro, higher energy
costs, reduced capacity utilization in connection with our inventory reduction
programs and a substantial decline in the electronic materials markets
worldwide.
Performance Chemicals sales were $580.4 million, up 2.0% from sales of
$568.8 million for 2000. Acquisitions completed in 2000 were the primary driver
of the higher sales for 2001, which were offset by lower volumes, particularly
in operations serving the durable goods and construction markets in the United
States. Segment income was $39.1 million compared with $54.9 million for 2000.
The decline in earnings reflects lower capacity utilization and volumes in the
United States durable goods and construction markets.
Geographic Sales. Sales in the United States and Canada were $814.9
million for 2001, compared with $849.5 million for 2000, a decline of 4.1%. The
sales decline reflects the general slowing of the United States economy,
particularly in the durable goods, electronic materials and construction
markets. International sales were $686.2 million for 2001, compared with $597.8
million for 2000. International sales growth was driven primarily by
acquisitions, and was partially offset by the negative impact of foreign
currency translation of $22.3 million.
Cash Flows. Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended
December 31, 2001 was $219.4 million, compared with $114.5 million for 2000. The
increase in cash flows reflects a substantial
S-23
reduction in working capital during 2001 as management emphasized cash flow
generation to be used for debt reduction. Cash used for investing activities was
$560.4 million in 2001 (including $513.1 million for acquisitions) and $282.1
million in 2000 (including $210.6 million for acquisitions/divestitures).
Investing activities in 2001 reflect lower capital expenditures but a higher
level of acquisition activity. Net cash provided by financing activities was
$357.3 million in 2001 compared with $162.5 million in 2000. The increase in
2001 reflects the financing of the dmc(2) acquisition.
COMPARISON OF THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000 AND 1999
Consolidated net sales of $1.45 billion for 2000 increased 6.8% compared
with 1999 net sales. The increase in sales was led by volume improvement of
11.2%. Approximately a third of the volume growth came from existing businesses
and the rest from acquisitions. This volume growth, combined with slightly
positive price and mix of products sold, was enough to offset the impact of
foreign currency translation and divestitures. The strengthening of the U.S.
dollar against foreign currencies reduced sales by 4.2%, or $56.3 million,
during 2000. Divestitures also reduced sales revenues by 1.0%, which included
the mid-year sale of the Pyro-Chek(R) flame retardant business.
Gross margin as a percent of sales was 27.2% compared with 27.9% in 1999.
Increases in raw material and energy costs reduced margins during the year.
Petroleum-based raw materials, such as polypropylene and polystyrene, increased
significantly in 2000. Additionally, due to weaker European currencies, U.S.
dollar-based raw materials purchased in Europe increased costs in the region.
Selling, administrative and general expenses increased to $254.6 million
compared with $241.8 million in 1999, primarily due to acquisitions completed in
1999 and 2000. Selling, administrative and general expenses as a percentage of
sales declined to 17.6%, compared with 17.8% in 1999.
The increase in interest expense from $18.3 million in 1999 to $24.9
million in 2000 is attributable to the funding of five acquisitions completed
over the prior two years. Foreign currency gains, which vary depending on
relative changes in exchange rates, were $2.4 million in 2000. These represent
gains on option contracts used to offset the effect of changes in currency rates
on the earnings of selected foreign subsidiaries.
Other expense declined in the year 2000 due to gains on our sale of assets
and the Pyro-Chek(R) flame retardant business and lower other expenses.
Net income increased to $73.1 million in 2000 compared with $73.0 million
recorded in 1999. Diluted earnings per share increased by 3.8% to $1.92 compared
with $1.85 in 1999. The increase in earnings per share reflects shares
repurchased during 2000 and 1999.
Segment Results. Coatings segment sales were $878.5 million, an increase
of 8.4% compared with 1999. Sales increased on volume improvement, driven by the
tile and electronic materials businesses, and from acquisitions. The segment
also recorded strong growth in international operations. Offsetting this growth
was the effect of a stronger U.S. dollar versus foreign currencies. Negative
foreign currency translation reduced sales revenues by more than 5%, or $44.5
million, in the Coatings segment. Coatings segment income increased 5.6% to
$99.5 million compared with $94.2 million in 1999. The improvement in segment
income was driven primarily by the electronic materials business, and was
partially offset by foreign currency translation, higher energy costs and the
effect of U.S. dollar-based raw material purchases in Europe.
Performance Chemicals sales were $568.8 million, 4.4% higher than in 1999.
Two acquisitions completed in 2000 made the most significant contribution to the
sales improvement. The contribution from acquisitions was partially offset by
negative foreign currency translation and the sale of our Pyro-Chek(R) flame
retardant business. Performance Chemicals segment income was $54.9 million
compared with $59.4 million in 1999. The decline in segment income was primarily
due to the impact of higher raw material costs in the plastics business and
higher energy costs.
S-24
Cash Flows. Net cash provided by operating activities was $114.5 million
in 2000, compared with $127.2 million recorded in 1999. The decrease in cash
provided by operating activities was due primarily to an increase in accounts
payable in 1999 driven by capital projects. Net cash used for investing
activities increased to $282.1 million in 2000, compared with $191.6 million in
1999 due to higher acquisition activity in 2000. Net cash provided by financing
activities was $162.5 million in 2000 compared with $59.4 million provided in
1999. The change in net cash from financing activities was principally due to
funding of acquisitions completed in 2000 and to a receivables securitization
that was initiated in 2000.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary liquidity requirements include capital investments, working
capital requirements, and debt service. We expect to be able to meet our
liquidity requirements from a variety of sources. We have a $560.0 million
revolving credit facility, of which $133.9 million was available as of March 31,
2002. We also have an accounts receivable securitization facility under which we
may receive advances of up to $150.0 million, subject to the level of qualifying
accounts receivable. At March 31, 2002 and at December 31, 2001, $86.8 million
and $65.3 million, respectively, were advanced under this facility. Under
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, neither the amounts advanced nor the
corresponding receivables sold are reflected in our consolidated balance sheet.
We also maintain a leveraged lease program pursuant to which we lease certain
land, buildings, machinery and equipment for a five-year period through 2005.
Our obligations under the revolving credit facilities are unsecured;
however, if our senior debt ceases to be rated as investment grade by either
Moody's Investors Service, Inc. (Moody's) or Standard & Poor's Rating Group
(S&P), we and our material subsidiaries must grant security interests in our
respective principal manufacturing properties, pledge 100% of the stock of
material domestic subsidiaries and pledge 65% of the stock of material foreign
subsidiaries, in each case, in favor of our lenders under such facilities. In
that event, liens on our principal domestic manufacturing properties and the
stock of domestic subsidiaries would be shared with the holders of our senior
notes and debentures and trust notes and trust certificates issued under a
leveraged lease program. Such liens could reasonably be expected to impair our
ability to obtain financing on commercially reasonable terms. Although, as of
March 31, 2002, we had approximately $133.9 million available under our
revolving credit facilities, any such future liens may also have a material
adverse effect on our ability to satisfy our ongoing capital resource and
liquidity requirements. The accounts receivable securitization facility contains
a provision under which the agent can terminate the facility if our senior
credit rating is downgraded below BB by S&P or Ba2 by Moody's. We do not believe
that a termination of this facility would reasonably be expected to have a
material adverse effect on our liquidity or our capital resource requirements.
The rating agencies may, at any time, based on changing market, political
or socio-economic conditions, reconsider the current rating of our outstanding
debt. Based on rating agency disclosures, we understand that ratings changes
within the general industrial sector are evaluated based on quantitative,
qualitative and legal analyses. Factors considered by the rating agencies
include: industry characteristics, competitive position, management, financial
policy, profitability, capital structure, cash flow production and financial
flexibility. S&P and Moody's have disclosed that our ability to reduce our level
of indebtedness and to strengthen cash flow protection measures, through asset
sales, increased free cash flows from acquisitions or otherwise, will be a
factor in their ratings determinations going forward. The rating agencies also
have indicated that if our debt levels remain near current levels at year-end
2002 and there is no significant improvement in earnings, we may not be able to
maintain our investment grade rating. We intend to use the net proceeds from the
offering described in this prospectus supplement to reduce part of our
outstanding debt. See "Use of Proceeds" in this prospectus supplement.
Our credit facilities contain customary operating covenants that limit our
ability to engage in certain activities, including acquisitions. Several of the
covenants contain additional restrictions based upon the ratio of total debt to
EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as
defined in the credit facilities) or in the event our senior debt ceases to be
rated investment grade by either Moody's or S&P. The credit facilities also
contain financial covenants relating to minimum fixed charge coverage
S-25
ratios over certain periods of time. Our ability to meet these covenants in the
future may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing
economic, financial and market conditions and their effect on our financial
position and results of operations. We do have several options available to
mitigate these circumstances, including selected asset sales and the issuance of
additional capital.
Maturities of amounts outstanding under long-term debt arrangements, the
accounts receivable securitization and a leveraged lease program at March 31,
2002 were $71.5 million in 2003; $0.9 million in 2004; $112.6 million in 2005;
$356.9 million in 2006 and $349.6 million thereafter. At December 31, 2001,
future minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases are $13.3
million in 2002, $11.9 million in 2003, $6.6 million in 2004, $5.8 million in
2005, $3.5 million in 2006 and $9.5 million thereafter.
Our level of debt and debt service requirements could have important
consequences to our normal business operations and uses of cash flow. In
addition, a reduction in overall demand for our products could adversely affect
our cash flows from operations. However, we do have a $560.0 million revolving
credit facility, of which approximately $133.9 million was available as of March
31, 2002. This liquidity, along with the liquidity from our asset securitization
program and available cash flows from operations, should allow us to meet our
funding requirements and other commitments. We also have potential liquidity
requirements related to payments under our leveraged lease program and
contingent liabilities as described further in Note 8 to the condensed
consolidated financial statements in our quarterly report for the three months
ended March 31, 2002, which is incorporated by reference in the accompanying
prospectus.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our exposure to market risks is primarily limited to interest rate and
foreign currency fluctuation risks. Our exposure to interest rate risk relates
primarily to our debt portfolio, including off balance sheet obligations under
our accounts receivable securitization program. Our interest rate risk
management objectives are to limit the effect of interest rate changes on
earnings, cash flows and overall borrowing costs. To limit interest rate risk on
borrowings, we maintain a percentage of fixed and variable rate debt within
defined parameters. In managing the percentage of fixed versus variable rate
debt, consideration is given the interest rate environment and forecasted cash
flows. This policy limits exposure from rising interest rates and allows us to
benefit during periods of falling rates. Our interest rate exposure is generally
limited to the amounts outstanding under the revolving credit facilities and
amounts outstanding under our receivables securitization program. Based on the
total amount of variable rate indebtedness outstanding at December 31, 2001 and
2000, a 1.0% change in short-term interest rates would have resulted in a $6.0
million and a $3.8 million change in expense, respectively. A 1% change in
short-term interest rates would have resulted in a $1.4 million change in
expense for the first quarter of 2002.
At March 31, 2002, we had $349.4 million of fixed rate debt outstanding
with an average interest rate of 8.4%, all maturing after 2006. The fair market
value of these debt securities was approximately $328.8 million at March 31,
2002.
We manage exposures to changing foreign currency exchange rates principally
through the purchase of put options on currencies and forward foreign exchange
contracts. Put options are purchased to offset the exposure of foreign
currency-denominated earnings to a depreciation in the value of the local
currency to the U.S. dollar. Our primary foreign currency market exposure is the
euro. Foreign subsidiaries also mitigate the risk of currency fluctuations on
the cost of raw materials denominated in U.S. dollars through the purchase of
U.S. dollars to cover the future payable. A 10.0% appreciation of the U.S.
dollar versus the corresponding currencies would have resulted in a $2.2 million
and $2.6 million increase in the fair value of these contracts in the aggregate
at December 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively, and a $1.9 million increase in the
fair value of these contracts at March 31, 2002. A 10.0% depreciation of the
U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $1.7 million and a $2.0 million decline in
the value of these contracts in the aggregate at December 31, 2001 and 2000,
respectively, and a $1.5 million decrease in the fair value of these contracts
at March 31, 2002.
S-26
In September 2001, we completed the acquisition of the dmc(2) businesses.
This acquisition increases our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currencies
versus the U.S. dollar, particularly in Europe and Asia. At March 31, 2002, we
had forward contracts to sell euros for U.S. dollars in a notional amount of
$4.0 million at an average rate of $0.8778/euro, and outstanding put options to
sell euros for U.S. dollars having a notional amount of $8.4 million and an
average strike price of $0.8804/euro. These forward and futures contracts had a
net fair value of approximately $1.0 million. We also had forward contracts to
sell other currencies with an aggregate notional amount of $7.6 million and a
net fair value of $0.3 million.
ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND IMPACT OF RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Our accounting policies and practices are described in Note 1, "Summary of
Significant Accounting Policies," to the consolidated financial statements in
our annual report for 2001, which is incorporated by reference in the
accompanying prospectus. Application of our accounting policies requires
judgments on behalf of management and incorporates expectations about future
events. Reserves and accruals established for possible losses on collection of
accounts and trade note receivables, valuation of inventories at the lower of
cost or market, environmental matters, litigation, impairment of assets, pension
and post-retirement benefits and valuation of deferred tax assets require
considerable judgment. Management uses all available facts and circumstances,
including the advice of outside experts, in establishing accruals or reserves
for the above-described matters. Changes in the assumptions used in developing
such reserves or accruals could cause the ultimate costs to differ from the
estimates established.
In June 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued
Statement No. 141, "Business Combinations," and Statement No. 142, "Goodwill and
Other Intangible Assets." Statement 141 requires that the purchase method of
accounting be used for all business combinations initiated after June 30, 2001.
Statement 142 requires that goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite
useful lives no longer be amortized but, instead, tested for impairment at least
annually in accordance with the provisions of Statement 142. We adopted the
provisions of Statements 141 and 142 as discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated
financial statements in our annual report for 2001, which is incorporated by
reference in the accompanying prospectus, and adopted the remaining provisions
of Statements 141 and 142 effective January 1, 2002.
At January 1, 2002, we had unamortized goodwill and intangibles of
approximately $405.3 million, subject to the transition provisions of Statements
141 and 142. Amortization expense related to goodwill and intangibles was
approximately $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2001. Amortization
expense related to finite-lived intangibles was approximately $0.3 million for
the quarter ended March 31, 2002 and was $2.1 million for all intangible assets
for the quarter ended March 31, 2001. Amortization expense for the first quarter
of 2001 would have been $0.4 million had the provisions of Statement No. 142
been in effect. We will complete our review of indefinite-lived intangible
assets for impairment under the provisions of Statement No. 142 by June 30,
2002.
In June 2001, the FASB issued Statement No. 143, "Accounting for Asset
Retirement Obligations." Statement 143 requires entities to record the fair
value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation in the period in which
it is incurred. When the liability is initially recorded, the entity capitalizes
the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over
time, the liability is accreted to its present value each period and the
capitalized cost is depreciated over the remaining useful life of the related
asset. Upon settlement of the liability, the entity either settles the
obligation for the amount recorded or incurs a gain or loss. Statement 143 is
effective for fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2002. Management is
evaluating the effect of this statement on our results of operations and
financial position.
In August 2001, the FASB issued Statement No. 144, "Accounting for the
Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets," effective prospectively for fiscal
years beginning after December 15, 2001 and accordingly, we have adopted
Statement No. 144 as of January 1, 2002. Statement 144 supersedes Statement 121,
"Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to
be Disposed Of," and the accounting and reporting provisions of Accounting
Principles Board Opinion No. 30 (APB 30), "Reporting the Results of
Operations -- Reporting the Effects of Disposal of a Segment of a
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Business, and Extraordinary, Unusual and Infrequently Occurring Events and
Transactions" (Opinion 30) for the disposal of a segment of business (as
previously defined under Opinion 30). FASB issued Statement 144 to establish a
single accounting model for long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale.
Statement 144 broadens the presentation of discontinued operations in the income
statement to include a component of an entity (rather than a segment of a
business). A component of an entity comprises operations and cash flows that can
be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes,
from the rest of an entity. Statement 144 also requires that discontinued
operations be measured at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less
cost to sell. The adoption of Statement 144 did not have a material impact on
our financial position or results of operations.
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BUSINESS
OVERVIEW
We are a leading producer of a diverse array of performance materials sold
to a broad range of manufacturers in approximately 30 markets throughout the
world. We apply certain core scientific expertise in organic chemistry,
inorganic chemistry, polymer science and material science to develop coatings
for ceramics and metal; materials for passive electronic components; pigments;
enamels, pastes, and additives for the glass market; specialty plastic compounds
and colors; and polymer additives. Our products are classified as performance
materials, rather than commodities, because they are formulated to perform
specific and important functions both in the manufacturing processes and in the
finished products of our customers. Our performance materials require a high
degree of technical service on an individual customer basis. The value of these
performance materials stems from the results and performance they achieve in
actual use.
We have leading market positions in businesses that accounted for
approximately 73% of 2001 net sales. For example, we are among the world's
largest suppliers of ceramic glaze and color, porcelain enamel coatings,
specialty colorants, powder coatings, and glass additives. We are a worldwide
leader in the production of passive electronic materials, and we believe we are
currently the only merchant manufacturer of all the primary components
(electrodes, dielectrics, and termination pastes) of multi-layer capacitors. We
hold a leading market position in North America for PVC specialty additives and
modifiers.
Our products are traditionally used in markets such as electronics,
appliances, automotive, building and renovation, household furnishings,
construction, industrial products, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications and
transportation. Our leading customers include major chemical companies,
producers of multi-layer ceramic capacitors and manufacturers of tile,
appliances and automobiles. Many customers, particularly in the appliance and
automotive markets, purchase materials from more than one of our business units.
Our customer base is also well-diversified both geographically and by
end-market.
The diversity of our products, customers, and end-markets serves to
stabilize our ongoing financial results. After giving effect to the dmc(2)
acquisition, our pro forma net sales for the year ended December 31, 2001 would
have been $1,826 million.
ACQUISITION HISTORY
Over the last four years, we have completed seven significant acquisitions,
six of which have been fully integrated. The acquired businesses have been
highly complementary of our existing businesses, allowing us to realize
synergies and generate strong cash flows from operations.
In May 1998, we acquired the assets of Ningbo Powder Coatings Company Ltd.,
located in the People's Republic of China, which established our first
manufacturing base in that country and allowed us to serve certain
multi-national customers on a global basis. In March 1999, we acquired Advanced
Polymer Compounding Company, a supplier of high-performance thermoplastic
elastomers and engineering plastic compounds. This transaction served to add a
niche, value-added product to our performance chemicals business. In July of
1999, we acquired TAM Ceramics Inc., a supplier of dielectric powders for the
electronics market and zircon-based ceramics powders for a variety of uses. This
acquisition complemented our manufacturing and technology strengths in serving
the passive electronic components market generally, and the multi-layer
capacitors segment in particular.
During the year 2000, we completed three acquisitions. In August 2000, we
purchased the polymer modifiers business and related manufacturing facilities of
Solutia Inc. The polymer modifiers business is a key global producer of
specialty plasticizers and other modifiers used in the production of a variety
of plastics. This acquisition was highly synergistic with our existing polymer
additives business and provided that business with two manufacturing facilities
in Europe and an accompanying distribution channel for all the business products
in the European community. In November 2000, we acquired Pfanstiehl
Laboratories, which produces a broad range of fine chemicals including advanced
pharmaceutical intermediates, active pharmaceutical ingredients, high potency
compounds and dietary supplements, and food and cosmetic
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additives. The Pfanstiehl acquisition complemented our existing capabilities in
fine chemicals and greatly strengthened our product offering to the
pharmaceutical market. In December 2000, we purchased EMCA-Remex from National
Starch and Chemical Company. EMCA-Remex specializes in the production of thick
film pastes for hybrid microelectronics and was highly synergistic with our
electronic materials business.
On September 7, 2001, we purchased the dmc(2) businesses for approximately
$525 million in cash. The dmc(2) businesses produce materials for passive
electronic components; organic and inorganic pigments and colors for ceramics,
plastic, and glass; enamels, pastes, and additives for the glass market; and
ceramic coatings for structural ceramics and sanitaryware. The dmc(2)
businesses' products are manufactured in 15 countries around the world and are
used primarily in markets we traditionally serve.
The acquisition of the dmc(2) businesses expanded our geographic reach and
enhanced our product capabilities in three core businesses:
- Electronic Materials -- doubling our electronic materials business and
adding critical metals technology and manufacturing capabilities;
- Color and Glass Performance Materials -- significantly increasing the
size of and strengthening our technology and competitive presence in this
high-margin business; and
- Tile Coatings Systems -- complementing our manufacturing capabilities and
broadening our presence in Asia and Southern Europe.
We initially established a target of $35 million of cost savings from the
integration of the dmc(2) businesses, to be achieved by eliminating duplicate
facilities, reducing overhead and capitalizing on raw material sourcing
synergies. As of March 31, 2002, we had implemented programs to realize cost
savings that approach the original $35 million target on an annualized basis. We
are also continuing our efforts to capture further cost savings during the
balance of 2002 and in 2003.
PRODUCTS AND MARKETS
Many end-product companies, interested in outsourcing the production of
complex, high-valued chemicals, turn to us for fast response and technical
skills in producing a variety of chemicals. We are able to meet these needs
through our diverse product offering, technical expertise, and global reach.
As described below, we have two financial reporting segments: Coatings and
Performance Chemicals.
COATINGS SEGMENT
The following table outlines the key business units in our Coatings
segment, its products, and key markets served.
BUSINESS UNITS PRODUCTS KEY MARKETS
-------------- -------- -----------
Tile Coatings Ceramic glaze coatings, Tile, sanitaryware, industrial
ceramic colors, decorative and commercial machinery,
materials, kiln furniture, electronics, transportation
grinding media, structural equipment, telecommunications
ceramics
Color and Glass Performance Inorganic pigments, forehearth Paint and plastics, glass
Materials color, glass decorating packaging, tableware, fine
enamels, specialty glazes china, roof tile, appliances,
automotive, architectural
Electronic Materials Electronic and specialty Electronics,
glasses, ceramic dielectric telecommunications, computers,
powders, thick film pastes and automotive, ophthalmic
tapes, surface finishing lenses/precision optics,
compounds military and defense aerospace
Industrial Coatings Powder coatings, porcelain Appliances, cookware,
enamel coatings sanitaryware, architectural,
automotive, industrial
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Tile Coatings Systems. We believe we are one of the world's leading
suppliers of ceramic glaze coatings to manufacturers of ceramics, from
floor/wall tile to sanitaryware, and have developed groundbreaking ink-jet
technology applications for decorating tile. We are also a major supplier of
kiln furniture, grinding media, and structural ceramics to more than 30 markets
throughout the world. We offer a complete line of frits, glazes and colors,
including frits for single, fast-fire and third-fire tile production.
As a leading worldwide resource in ceramics, we continuously develop new
products to meet customer needs. Not only can we provide products customers
need, we also offer technology, expertise and manufacturing know-how in the form
of customer support. Through our Ceramic Design and Development Center (located
in the world tile capitals of Spain and Italy), we pull together the resources
customers need. These experienced specialists work with customers at any point
in the initial design phase through actual tile production.
Color and Glass Performance Materials. Our color and glass performance
materials business makes and markets worldwide a broad line of mixed metal oxide
pigments for use in plastic packaging, PVC products such as vinyl siding,
engineering plastics for the automotive and electronic markets and industrial
paints and coatings for a wide variety of end uses ranging from farm and
industrial equipment to coil coating. We have also developed a wide range of
formulations for food packaging according to Food & Drug Administration
regulations, which only allow selected pigment types to be used in food contact
applications.
We are a global supplier of decorative colors, precious metals
preparations, highly fusible special coatings for ceramics surfaces, and
inorganic pigments for coloring plastic and ceramics. We produce specialty
pigments and colorants for the dinnerware, paint, and plastic markets. Our
business is a global leader in products for ceramic decoration of tableware and
art ceramics, using lead- and cadmium-free technology, computer based color
separation systems, and UV curable color pastes. The pigments and special
coatings unit is a supplier of stains for tableware and art ceramics and a
supplier to the U.S. plastics/coatings market.
Our worldwide glass systems business supplies a complete portfolio of
products to the glass market for coloration both in (forehearth coloration) and
on (surface decoration) the glass. Our colors add customized value to a wide
range of consumer, technical and industrial glass products in the automotive,
the flat glass and the cosmetic, food and beverage container markets. Our
products are tailored to meet the specific demands of our customers in each
market segment, including automotive, appliance, architectural, tableware,
giftware and lighting.
Electronic Materials. Our electronic materials business develops,
manufactures, and markets high purity powders, pastes, and tapes for many
electronic applications, including multi-layer ceramic capacitors, hybrid
microelectronics, polishing materials, surge protection and photovoltaic
materials. In the dmc(2) acquisition, we acquired key metals technologies and
manufacturing facilities in Europe and Japan (the largest market for electronics
manufacturing in the world). We believe this added geographic diversity
significantly strengthens our manufacturing capabilities that were previously
highly concentrated in the United States.
Our electronic and specialty glass products are used in military,
aerospace, semiconductors, electronics, dental and biomedical, and other
technical applications. We also offer a broad line of dielectrics, terminations,
electrodes, and binders for multi-layer capacitors and other passive electronic
components. Our electronic ceramics and surface finishing materials include
oxides of aluminum, cerium, tin, and zirconium for grinding or polishing silicon
wafers and a wide range of glasses used in electronic applications, as well as
stone, plastic, and metal products. Our microcircuit and specialty thick film
materials are used in the production of a number of advanced electronic devices
and packages.
Our multi-layer materials product line provides dielectric and metal
powders and pastes to the growing multi-layer capacitor, or MLC, market. We are
a supplier of all three MLC components: conductive (inner electrode),
non-conductive (dielectrics) and termination powders and pastes. MLCs are
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primarily designed for use where small physical size with comparatively large
electrical capacitance and high insulation resistance are required.
We have recently expanded our electrode paste manufacturing and have
developed a new line of metal pastes for the MLC market for use in base metal
electronics MLC's to reduce costs.
Industrial Coatings. Our industrial coatings group manufactures both
porcelain enamel and powder coatings. These materials are used in the appliance,
automotive and general industrial markets. With a strong position in both the
appliance and automotive markets, we are expanding into the general industrial
market as more metal product manufacturers convert to the use of powder coatings
for their finishing needs.
We are a leading supplier of porcelain enamel worldwide. Porcelain enamel
has long been used as an ultimate quality, highly durable and sanitary finish on
large and small appliances, cookware and grills, as well as sanitaryware, water
heaters, building panels, signage, and chemical storage vessels.
We are also one of the world's largest producers of thermoset powder
coatings. We believe we have one of the world's largest manufacturing facilities
and have been providing customer driven solutions for over 20 years. We believe
we have a strong position in each of the primary industrial coatings market
segments that we serve and we are expanding our capability to provide quick
color matches and small batch orders.
PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS SEGMENT
The following table outlines the key business units in our Performance
Chemicals segment, their products, and key markets served.
BUSINESS UNITS PRODUCTS KEY MARKETS
-------------- -------- -----------
Polymer Additives Heat and light stabilizers, Household furnishings,
plasticizers, lubricants automotive, industrial,
architectural, construction
Pharmaceutical and Fine Active pharmaceutical Electronics, pharmaceutical,
Chemicals ingredients, high potency polymers, food, industrial
compounds, dietary
supplements, food and cosmetic
additives, petroleum
additives.
Specialty Plastics Color Appliances, automotive,
concentrates/masterbatch, packaging, recreation, boats,
gelcoats, liquid and paste RVs and trucks, sanitaryware,
color dispersions, filled and swimming pools, architectural,
reinforced thermoplastics, industrial, household
polyolefin alloys, furnishings recreation, lawn
thermoplastic and garden equipment
elastomers/process melt
Polymer Additives. Our polymer additives improve the characteristics of
and are designed to enhance the processing and properties of plastics used in
household furnishings, automotive, architectural and construction applications.
These additives include heat and light stabilizers, specialty plasticizers, and
plastics lubricants.
Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemicals. We produce pharmaceutical intermediates
and fine chemicals that are used in specialty resins, industrial chemicals,
specialty batteries, food additives and food supplements. We also provide major
chemical manufacturers with custom synthesis for the production of complex,
high-valued chemicals.
Specialty Plastics. Our plastic color concentrates, gelcoats and liquid
and paste color dispersions are used to enhance the physical properties and
appearance of plastic parts and components in appliances, automobiles, household
furnishings, packaging applications, and a host of recreational products from
sports equipment to toys. We provide solutions in material selection and
formulation and assistance with part and mold design, process molding, and mold
flaws. Our filled and reinforced plastics, which are specially
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formulated compounds, consisting of polypropylene and other resins, are used in
a wide variety of applications in the automotive, appliance, household
furnishings, and leisure products markets.
RAW MATERIALS
Raw materials widely used in our businesses include titanium dioxide,
resins, thermoplastic polymers, cobalt oxide, zinc oxide, zircon sand, borates,
porcelain, silica, steric acid and tallow. Other important raw materials include
silver, nickel, copper, palladium, platinum and other precious metals. Over the
past two years, the prices of silver and copper have been generally stable or
declining. The price of precious metals can fluctuate greatly. Precious metal
cost fluctuations are generally passed through to customers. However, we do have
some exposure to cost fluctuation for precious metals held in inventory.
We have a broad supplier base and, in most instances, alternative sources
of raw materials are available if problems arise with a particular supplier. We
maintain comprehensive supplier agreements for our strategic and critical raw
materials. In addition, the magnitude of our purchases provides for significant
leverage in negotiating favorable conditions for long-term supplier contracts.
EMPLOYEES
At December 31, 2001, we employed 9,348 employees, including 6,493
employees in our foreign subsidiaries and affiliates and 2,855 employees in the
United States. Approximately 29% of our domestic workforce is covered by labor
agreements, and approximately 15% is covered by labor agreements that expire in
2002.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
A substantial number of our employees are involved in research and
development activities relating to new and existing products, services and
techniques required by the ever-changing markets of our customers. Laboratories
are located at each of our major subsidiaries around the world where technical
efforts are applied to meet customer and market needs of the particular
geographical area. In the United States, laboratories are maintained in each of
our divisions. In addition, corporate research and development activity is
located in the Cleveland area. Our research staff is organized by major business
group. We also operate central design and development labs in Italy and Spain to
serve the tile market worldwide.
Expenditures for research and development activities relating to the
development or significant improvement of new and/or existing products, services
and techniques were approximately $30 million in 2001, $30 million in 2000 and
$31 million in 1999. Expenditures for individual customer requests for research
and development were not material. We do not anticipate research and development
expenditures to increase significantly with the integration of the dmc(2)
businesses.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
On May 4, 1999, and December 16, 1999, the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) issued Notices of Violation (NOVs) alleging that we
violated various requirements of the Clean Air Act and related state laws in
modifying and operating the Pyro-Chek(R) process. We sold assets relating to the
Pyro-Chek(R) process and ceased production of Pyro-Chek(R) in June 2000.
We have negotiated with the U.S. EPA, the State of Indiana and local
authorities a settlement of this matter that resolves the issues raised in the
NOVs without admission of liability by us. The settlement is subject to approval
by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana. If
approved, under the terms of the settlement, we will pay an aggregate cash
amount of $3 million to the U.S. government, the State of Indiana and the City
of Hammond. In addition, we will provide $844,000 to fund an environmental
project in Hammond unrelated to our operations. If approved, payment of such
amounts will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or
results of operations.
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In 2000 and 2001, tort actions were filed against us in the United States
District Court for the Northern District of Indiana by or on behalf of four
individual plaintiffs. The complaints in these actions generally alleged that we
were negligent and/or reckless in failing to control emissions, misrepresenting
emissions levels to regulatory agencies, failing to warn nearby residents of the
hazards posed by our emissions, and in emitting carcinogenic chemicals without a
permit. Each of these actions has now been dismissed pursuant to a settlement
agreement with the individual plaintiffs. Payments under these settlements have
not had and will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or
results of operations.
There are also pending against us and our consolidated subsidiaries various
other lawsuits and claims. In the opinion of management, the ultimate
liabilities resulting from such other lawsuits and claims will not materially
affect our consolidated financial position or results of operations or
liquidity.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
Our manufacturing facilities, like those of our market generally, are
subject to numerous laws and regulations implemented to protect the environment,
particularly with respect to plant wastes and emissions. We believe we are
generally in compliance with the environmental regulations to which our
operations are subject and that, to the extent we may not be in compliance with
such regulations, noncompliance has not had a materially adverse effect on our
operations. Our policy of compliance has required a continuous management effort
and significant expenditures.
We spent $5.8 million in capital expenditures for environmental control in
2001, and our best estimate of what we expect capital expenditures for
environmental control to be in 2002 and 2003 is $4.9 million and $4.6 million,
respectively.
For more information regarding environmental matters, see "Risk
Factors -- We are subject to stringent environmental regulation, which may cause
us to incur significant costs and liabilities."
FOREIGN OPERATIONS
Our products are produced and distributed in foreign as well as domestic
markets. We commenced our international operations in 1927. During 2001, sales
originating outside of the United States and Canada accounted for approximately
46% of our net sales. Financial information about our domestic and foreign
operations is set forth in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements for
the year ended December 31, 2001 incorporated by reference in the accompanying
prospectus.
Wholly-owned subsidiaries operate manufacturing facilities in Argentina,
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the
Netherlands, Japan, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain and Thailand. Partially-owned
subsidiaries manufacture in Argentina, China, Indonesia, Italy, Spain, South
Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Venezuela.
We receive technical service fees and/or royalties from many of our foreign
subsidiaries. Historically, as a matter of corporate policy, the foreign
subsidiaries have been expected to remit a portion of their annual earnings to
their parent as dividends. To the extent earnings of foreign subsidiaries are
not remitted to us, those earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in
those subsidiaries.
PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters offices are located at 1000 Lakeside Avenue,
Cleveland, Ohio, and we also own other corporate facilities located in
Independence, Ohio. The business segments in which manufacturing plants are used
and the locations of the principal manufacturing plants we own in the United
States are as follows:
Coatings -- Cleveland, Ohio; Nashville, Tennessee; Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania; Washington, Pennsylvania; Toccoa, Georgia; Orrville, Ohio;
Shreve, Ohio; Penn Yan, New York; East Liverpool, Ohio; Crooksville, Ohio;
Niagara Falls, New York; and South Plainfield, New Jersey.
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Performance Chemicals -- Walton Hills, Ohio; Hammond, Indiana; Baton
Rouge, Louisiana; Waukegan, Illinois; Bridgeport, New Jersey;
Carpentersville, Illinois; Plymouth, Indiana; Evansville, Indiana; Stryker,
Ohio; Edison, New Jersey and South Plainfield, New Jersey.
In addition, we lease manufacturing facilities in Cleveland, Ohio
(Performance Chemicals); Galion, Ohio (Coatings), Fort Worth, Texas (Performance
Chemicals); Vista, California (Coatings); Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania
(Coatings); and Carpentersville, Illinois (Performance Chemicals).
Outside the United States, we or our subsidiaries own manufacturing plants
in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Belgium, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy,
Mexico, the Netherlands, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. We or
our subsidiaries lease manufacturing plants in Brazil, China, Italy, Japan,
Germany, the Netherlands and Portugal. In many instances, the manufacturing
facilities outside of the United States are used in multiple business segments.
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UNDERWRITING
Salomon Smith Barney Inc. is acting as bookrunning manager of the offering
and as representative of the underwriters named below. Subject to the terms and
conditions stated in the underwriting agreement dated the date of this
prospectus supplement, each underwriter named below has agreed to purchase, and
we have agreed to sell to that underwriter, the number of shares set forth
opposite the underwriter's name.
NUMBER
OF SHARES
UNDERWRITER ---------
-----------
Salomon Smith Barney Inc. .................................. 1,710,000
Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation...................... 663,750
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith
Incorporated................................... 663,750
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated........................... 663,750
McDonald Investments Inc.................................... 461,250
First Analysis Securities Corporation....................... 225,000
Gabelli & Company, Inc...................................... 112,500
---------
Total.................................................. 4,500,000
=========
The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the
underwriters to purchase the shares included in this offering are subject to
approval of legal matters by counsel and to other conditions. The underwriters
are obligated to purchase all the shares (other than those covered by the
over-allotment option described below) if they purchase any of the shares.
The underwriters propose to offer some of the shares directly to the public
at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus
supplement and some of the shares to dealers at the public offering price less a
concession not to exceed $0.79 per share. The underwriters may allow, and
dealers may reallow, a concession not to exceed $0.10 per share on sales to
other dealers. If all of the shares are not sold at the initial offering price,
the representative may change the public offering price and the other selling
terms.
We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days from
the date of this prospectus supplement, to purchase up to 500,000 additional
shares of common stock at the public offering price less the underwriting
discount. The underwriters may exercise the option solely for the purpose of
covering over-allotments, if any, in connection with this offering. To the
extent the option is exercised, each underwriter must purchase a number of
additional shares approximately proportionate to that underwriter's initial
purchase commitment.
We and our officers and directors have agreed that, for a period of 90 days
from the date of this prospectus supplement, we and they will not, without the
prior written consent of Salomon Smith Barney Inc., dispose of or hedge any
shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable
for our common stock. Salomon Smith Barney Inc. in its sole discretion may
release any of the securities subject to these lock-up agreements at any time
without notice.
The common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol
"FOE."
The following table shows the underwriting discounts and commissions that
we are to pay to the underwriters in connection with this offering. These
amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the
underwriters' option to purchase additional shares of common stock.
PAID BY FERRO
----------------------------
NO EXERCISE FULL EXERCISE
----------- -------------
Per share................................................... $ 1.318 $ 1.318
Total....................................................... $5,931,563 $6,590,625
In connection with the offering, Salomon Smith Barney Inc. on behalf of the
underwriters, may purchase and sell shares of common stock in the open market.
These transactions may include short sales,
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syndicate covering transactions and stabilizing transactions. Short sales
involve syndicate sales of common stock in excess of the number of shares to be
purchased by the underwriters in the offering, which creates a syndicate short
position. "Covered" short sales are sales of shares made in an amount up to the
number of shares represented by the underwriters' over-allotment option. In
determining the source of shares to close out the covered syndicate short
position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of
shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at
which they may purchase shares through the over-allotment option. Transactions
to close out the covered syndicate short position involve either purchases of
the common stock in the open market after the distribution has been completed or
the exercise of the over-allotment option. The underwriters may also make
"naked" short sales of shares in excess of the over-allotment option. The
underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing shares of
common stock in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be
created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on
the price of the shares in the open market after pricing that could adversely
affect investors who purchase in the offering. Stabilizing transactions consist
of bids for or purchases of shares in the open market while the offering is in
progress.
The underwriters also may impose a penalty bid. Penalty bids permit the
underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member when
Salomon Smith Barney Inc. repurchases shares originally sold by that syndicate
member in order to cover syndicate short positions or make stabilizing
purchases.
Any of these activities may have the effect of preventing or retarding a
decline in the market price of the common stock. They may also cause the price
of the common stock to be higher than the price that would otherwise exist in
the open market in the absence of these transactions. The underwriters may
conduct these transactions on the New York Stock Exchange or in the
over-the-counter market, or otherwise. If the underwriters commence any of these
transactions, they may discontinue them at any time.
We estimate that our portion of the total expenses of this offering will be
approximately $943,000.
The offering is being conducted in accordance with subparagraph 8 of
Section(c) of Rule 2710 and subparagraph 8 of Section(c) of Rule 2720 of the
Conduct Rules of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. ("NASD"),
which provides for an exception to NASD conflicts of interest and pricing rules
for offerings of securities for which a bona fide independent market exists.
The underwriters have performed investment banking and advisory services
for us from time to time for which they have received customary fees and
expenses. The underwriters may, from time to time, engage in transactions with
and perform services for us in the ordinary course of their business. We intend
to use the net proceeds of this offering to permanently reduce outstanding
borrowings under our existing revolving credit facilities.
Citicorp USA, Inc. (an affiliate of Salomon Smith Barney Inc.), Credit
Suisse First Boston (an affiliate of Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation) and
KeyBank (an affiliate of McDonald Investments Inc.) are agents and/or lenders
under our existing senior credit facilities and will receive a portion of the
net proceeds of the offering. Citicorp USA, Inc., Credit Suisse First Boston
Corporation and KeyBank receive customary fees for the underwriting of new loans
and for serving as lenders under our existing credit facilities.
Citicorp North America Inc. and Ciesco L.P. (both affiliates of Salomon
Smith Barney Inc.) act as agent and investor, respectively, under our accounts
receivable securitization facility. Citicorp North America Inc. receives
customary fees for acting as agent under our accounts receivable securitization
facility. Citibank, N.A. (an affiliate of Salomon Smith Barney Inc.) acts as
agent under our leveraged lease program, for which it receives customary fees.
Citicorp USA, Inc. acts as note purchaser and as certificate purchaser under our
leveraged lease program.
Based on information contained in Schedule 13D/A filed with the Securities
and Exchange Commission on May 7, 2002, certain affiliates of Gabelli & Company,
Inc. beneficially own approximately
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17% of our outstanding common stock. Such shares of common stock are held by
affiliates of Gabelli & Company, Inc. for the benefit of their investment
advisory clients.
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites
maintained by one or more of the underwriters. The representative may allocate a
number of shares to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage account
holders. The representative will allocate shares to underwriters that may make
Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations. In addition,
shares may be sold by the underwriters to securities dealers who resell shares
to online brokerage account holders.
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities,
including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, or to contribute to
payments the underwriters may be required to make because of any of those
liabilities.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with the shares offered by this
prospectus supplement will be passed upon for us by Squire, Sanders & Dempsey
L.L.P., Cleveland, Ohio. Certain legal matters in connection with this offering
of shares will be passed upon for the underwriters by Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw,
New York, New York.
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PROSPECTUS
[FERRO CORPORATION LOGO]
$300,000,000
FERRO CORPORATION
We may offer, from time to time, separately, together or in units, the
following securities:
- debt securities,
- common stock,
- preferred stock,
- warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock or debt securities,
- depositary shares representing interests in preferred stock,
- stock purchase contracts to purchase common stock or preferred stock, or
- stock purchase units comprised of stock purchase contracts and U.S.
government obligations.
We will provide the specific terms of securities we are offering in
prospectus supplements to this prospectus.
You should read this prospectus, the documents that are incorporated by
reference in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement carefully before you
decide to invest in any securities offered. This prospectus may not be used to
consummate sales of any offered securities unless it is accompanied by a
prospectus supplement describing the terms of that offering.
---------------------
NEITHER THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES
COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THESE SECURITIES OR DETERMINED IF THIS
PROSPECTUS IS TRUTHFUL OR COMPLETE. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A
CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
The date of this prospectus is April 11, 2002
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
----
About Ferro................................................. 1
Use of Proceeds............................................. 1
Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges.......................... 1
Description of Debt Securities.............................. 1
General................................................ 2
Book-Entry Debt Securities............................. 3
Restrictive Covenants.................................. 3
Applicable Definitions................................. 4
Events of Default...................................... 4
Modification and Waiver................................ 5
Consolidation, Merger and Sale of Assets............... 6
Satisfaction and Discharge of the Indentures........... 6
Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance..................... 7
Provisions Applicable to Subordinated Debt
Securities............................................ 7
Concerning the Trustee................................. 8
Description of Common Stock................................. 8
General................................................ 8
Voting Rights.......................................... 8
Dividends.............................................. 8
Transfer Agent......................................... 9
Antitakeover Provisions................................ 9
Description of Preferred Stock.............................. 11
General................................................ 11
Rank................................................... 11
Voting Rights.......................................... 12
Distributions.......................................... 13
Redemption............................................. 13
Liquidation Preference................................. 13
Conversion Rights...................................... 13
Description of Depositary Shares............................ 14
General................................................ 14
Dividends and Other Distributions...................... 14
Withdrawal of Preferred Stock.......................... 14
Redemption of Depositary Shares........................ 15
Voting of the Preferred Stock.......................... 15
Liquidation Preference................................. 15
Conversion of Preferred Stock.......................... 15
Amendment and Termination of the Deposit Agreement..... 16
Description of Warrants..................................... 16
General................................................ 16
Exercise of Warrants................................... 17
Description of Stock Purchase Contracts and Stock Purchase
Units..................................................... 17
Book-Entry Securities....................................... 18
Plan of Distribution........................................ 19
Legal Matters............................................... 20
Experts..................................................... 20
i
No person has been authorized to give any information or to make any
representation other than those contained in this prospectus and any
accompanying prospectus supplement in connection with any applicable offering,
and, if given or made, such other information or representation must not be
relied upon as having been authorized by us or by any underwriter, dealer or
agent. Neither this prospectus nor any prospectus supplement shall constitute an
offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered in any
jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or
solicitation or sale in such jurisdiction. Neither the delivery of this
prospectus or any prospectus supplement nor any sale of securities made implies
that there has been no change in our affairs at any time subsequent to the date
of this prospectus or that the information in this prospectus is correct as of
any time subsequent to its date.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other
information with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You may read and copy
any document we file with the SEC at their public reference rooms at the
following locations:
Public Reference Room Chicago Regional Office
450 Fifth Street, N.W. Citicorp Center
Room 1024 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400
Washington, D.C. 20549 Chicago, Illinois 60661-2511
Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the
operations of the public reference rooms. Our SEC filings also are available to
the public at the SEC's web site at http://www.sec.gov and at the public
reference room of the New York Stock Exchange, 20 Broad Street, New York, New
York 10005. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3, of which
this prospectus is a part, with respect to the securities described in this
prospectus. As allowed by SEC rules, this prospectus does not contain all of the
information set forth in the registration statement and related exhibits. For
further information with respect to us and the securities described in this
prospectus, you should refer to the registration statement. Descriptions in the
registration statement relating to any document that is filed as an exhibit to
the registration statement are not necessarily complete, and you should review
the document that is filed as an exhibit for a full statement of the document's
provisions. This prospectus is qualified in all respects by such other
information in the registration statement and the related exhibits. The
registration statement may be inspected, without charge, at the SEC's principal
office at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20459, and copies may also be
obtained from the SEC upon the payment of prescribed fees.
INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
We are "incorporating by reference" information into this prospectus. This
means we are disclosing important information to you by referring you to another
document that we have filed separately with the SEC. The information
incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus.
Any information we incorporate by reference that we filed prior to the date
of this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement will be modified or
superseded to the extent that information contained in this prospectus or the
applicable prospectus supplement (including information we subsequently file
with the SEC that we also incorporate by reference) modifies or supersedes such
information. Any such information so modified or superseded will not be
considered part of this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement.
Information that we file with the SEC after the date of this prospectus or the
applicable prospectus supplement will automatically modify and supersede the
information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the
applicable prospectus supplement (including information we subsequently file
with the SEC that we also incorporate by reference) to the extent that the
subsequently filed information modifies or supersedes the existing information.
We incorporate by reference our future filings with the SEC under section 13(a),
13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities
ii
Exchange Act of 1934 until we consummate the offering of the securities made by
this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement. We also incorporate by
reference our:
- Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001;
- Proxy Statement for the 2002 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and related
letter dated April 2, 2002 supplementing such Proxy Statement;
- The description of our common stock contained in our registration
statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 33-12397) filed March 2, 1987;
- The description of our common stock rights contained in our registration
statement on Form 8-A filed May 15, 1996, and
- The description of our preferred stock contained in our registration
statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 33-28520) filed May 3, 1989.
Any statement made in this prospectus or the applicable prospectus
supplement concerning the contents of any agreement or other document is only a
summary of the actual document and is qualified in its entirety by reference to
the actual document. You may obtain a copy of any document summarized in this
prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement or any document incorporated
by reference into this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement, at no
cost, by directing your request to: Director, Investor Relations, Ferro
Corporation, 1000 Lakeside Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44114, Telephone (216)
641-8580.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
This prospectus (including information incorporated by reference in this
prospectus) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section
27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather
are predictions and generally can be identified by use of statements that
include phrases such as "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "intend,"
"plan," "foresee" or other words or phrases of similar import. Similarly,
statements that describe our future financial condition or results of
operations, objectives, plans, goals or future performance and business also are
forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to
risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially
from those currently anticipated. In light of these risks and uncertainties, the
forward-looking events might or might not occur. Important factors that could
cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by these
forward-looking statements, and that could adversely affect our future financial
performance, are described in the documents incorporated by reference in this
prospectus and include the following:
- The outcome of our efforts to integrate the dmc(2) businesses we acquired
in 2001;
- Changes in customer requirements, markets or industries served;
- Economic downturns in some or all of our major product markets;
- Changes in the prices of major raw materials;
- The risks related to fluctuating currency rates, changing legal, tax and
regulatory requirements that affect our businesses and changing social
and political conditions in the many countries in which we operate;
- Political or economic instability as a result of acts of terrorism; and
- Access to capital, primarily in the U.S. capital markets, and any
restrictions placed on us by current or future financing arrangements.
The risks and uncertainties identified above are not the only risks we face.
Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we
currently believe to be immaterial also may adversely affect us. Should any
known or unknown risks and uncertainties develop into actual events, these
developments could have material adverse effects on our business, financial
condition and results of operations.
iii
ABOUT FERRO
We are a leading global producer of a diverse array of performance
materials sold to a broad range of manufacturers in approximately 30 markets
throughout the world. We apply certain core scientific expertise in organic
chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer science and material science to develop
coatings for ceramics and metal; materials for passive electronic components;
pigments; enamels, pastes, and additives for the glass market; specialty plastic
compounds and colors; and polymer additives. Our products are classified as
performance materials, rather than commodities, because they are formulated to
perform specific and important functions both in the manufacturing processes and
in the finished products of our customers. Our performance materials require a
high degree of technical service on an individual customer basis. The value of
these performance materials stems from the results and performance they achieve
in actual use.
Our products are traditionally used in markets such as appliances,
automotive, building and renovation, electronics, household furnishings,
industrial products, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications and transportation. Our
leading customers include major chemical companies, producers of multi-layer
ceramic capacitors and manufacturers of tile, appliances and automobiles. Many
customers, particularly in the appliance and automotive markets, purchase
materials from more than one of our business units. Our customer base is also
well-diversified both geographically and by end-market.
Our principal executive offices are located at 1000 Lakeside Avenue,
Cleveland, Ohio 44114, and our telephone number is (216) 641-8580.
USE OF PROCEEDS
Except as otherwise described in the applicable prospectus supplement, we
intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of securities offered by this
prospectus for general corporate purposes, which may include capital
expenditures, acquisitions and reductions of our indebtedness. We may
temporarily invest funds not immediately required for such purposes in
short-term marketable securities.
RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------------
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
---- ----- ----- ----- -----
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges(1)............ -- 6.88x 6.16x 5.14x 2.41x
Ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and
preferred stock dividends(1)................... -- 5.67x 5.27x 4.58x 2.25x
---------------
(1) The ratio of earnings to fixed charges has been calculated by dividing (i)
income before income taxes plus fixed charges and other adjustments by (ii)
fixed charges. Fixed charges include interest expense, capitalized interest,
amortization of deferred financing costs and a portion rent expense
estimated to represent interest. Earnings were insufficient to cover fixed
charges by approximately $52.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1997.
Earnings were insufficient to cover combined fixed charges and preferred
stock dividends by approximately $56.6 million for the year ended December
31, 1997.
DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES
The following description is a general summary of the terms of the debt
securities that we may issue, which may consist of either senior debt securities
or subordinated debt securities. We may issue the debt securities under one or
more indentures, each dated on or prior to the issuance of the applicable debt
securities. We may issue the senior debt securities and subordinated debt
securities under separate indentures referred to as the senior indenture and the
subordinated indenture. In this prospectus, we refer to the senior indenture and
the subordinated indenture collectively as the indentures or individually as an
indenture, and forms of the indentures are filed as exhibits to the registration
statement of which this
1
prospectus is a part. The indentures will not limit the amount of debt
securities that we may issue and will provide that we may issue the debt
securities periodically in one or more series.
The particular terms of the debt securities offered by any prospectus
supplement will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. The
following is a summary of the material provisions relating to the indentures. It
does not restate all of the terms of the indentures. Therefore, we urge you to
read the indentures because they, and not this description, will define your
rights as holders of any debt securities offered.
GENERAL
The debt securities will be our general unsecured obligations and will be
issued only in fully registered form without coupons in denominations of $1,000
or integral multiples of $1,000. Any payments of principal, premium and/or
interest will be payable at the office or agency as we may maintain for such
purpose. In addition, the transfer of the debt securities will be registered at
this office or agency. You will not be subject to a service charge for the
registration or transfer of the debt securities, but we may require you to pay
any applicable tax or other governmental fees.
The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the following terms of
any debt securities that we may offer:
- the title of the debt securities;
- whether they are senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities;
- any limit on the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities;
- the prices at which the debt securities will be issued;
- the person to whom interest is payable, if other than a person whose name
is listed on the debt security;
- the principal payment date(s);
- the interest rates, if applicable, and the interest payment dates;
- the place(s) where the principal of and any premium or interest shall be
payable;
- the price(s) and period(s) during which the debt securities may be
redeemed, if applicable;
- our obligation, if any, and the price(s) to redeem or purchase the debt
securities under sinking fund or analogous provisions;
- the denominations of the debt securities;
- the currency in which payment shall be made, if other than U.S. dollars,
and the terms upon which we or the holder of the debt securities may
elect a different currency;
- if principal, premium or interest information may be determined by
reference to an index or formula, the manner in which shall amounts shall
be determined;
- if other than the principal amount, the portion of the principal amount
of the debt securities which shall be payable upon maturity;
- the applicability of provisions described below under "Defeasance and
Covenant Defeasance";
- if the debt securities will be issuable only as book-entry debt
securities, the depository for the book-entry security and the
circumstances in which the book-entry debt securities may be registered
for transfer or exchange or authenticated and delivered; and
- any other terms of the debt securities.
2
If the debt securities are sold at a substantial discount below their
stated principal amount, any applicable federal income tax consequences and
other special considerations applicable to the original issue discount debt
securities will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. "Original
issue discount debt securities" means any debt security that provides for an
amount less than the principal amount to be due and payable upon the declaration
of acceleration of the maturity of the debt security upon the occurrence of an
event of default and its continuation. In addition, pursuant to the Internal
Revenue Code, debt securities having interest reset dates that would cause any
accrual period to be longer than one year are subject to the original issue
discount rules of the Internal Revenue Code, whether or not the debt securities
are original issue discount debt securities.
BOOK-ENTRY DEBT SECURITIES
The debt securities offered by this prospectus may be in whole or in part
issued in book-entry form. You should refer to the caption "Book-Entry
Securities" for more information regarding book-entry procedures.
RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS
Restrictions on Secured Debt and Limitations on Liens. If we or a Domestic
Subsidiary have any debt that is secured by a Mortgage on any Principal Domestic
Manufacturing Property or on any shares of stock or debt of any Domestic
Subsidiary, we (or the Domestic Subsidiary) will secure the debt securities and
any other debt of ours or of such Domestic Subsidiary which may be then
outstanding and entitled to the benefit of a similar covenant. This will be done
on an equal and ratable basis with (or prior to) such secured debt, unless the
aggregate amount of all such secured debt together with all of our Attributable
Debt and that of our Domestic Subsidiaries in respect of sale and leaseback
transactions involving Principal Domestic Manufacturing Properties would not
exceed 10% of our Consolidated Net Tangible Assets. In order to provide this
equal and ratable security, the principal amount of any series of original issue
discount debt securities issued shall be such portion of the principal amount as
specified in the terms of that series that would be payable upon acceleration of
the maturity of the debt securities at the time of such determination.
The following items will be excluded in computing secured debt, and the
restrictions described above do not apply to debt secured by:
- Mortgages by any corporation at the time the corporation becomes a
Domestic Subsidiary;
- Mortgages in favor of us or another Domestic Subsidiary;
- Mortgages in favor of any governmental bodies in order to secure partial,
progress or advance payments under the terms of a contract or statute;
- purchase money Mortgages, construction Mortgages or other Mortgages
existing at or incurred within 120 days of the time of acquisition;
- Mortgages with any state or political subdivision which are used to
finance the acquisition or construction of property and on which interest
is not includable within the holder's gross income; and
- extensions, renewals or replacements of the Mortgages described in this
list.
The indentures, however, will not prevent us or our subsidiaries from
incurring additional unsecured debt.
Restrictions on Sale and Leaseback Transactions. The indentures will
restrict us (and our Domestic Subsidiaries) from entering into any sale and
leaseback transaction involving any Principal Domestic Manufacturing Property
that has been or is to be sold or transferred more than 120 days after
acquisition
3
or the completion of construction and commencement of full operations relating
to the property, unless the following conditions are satisfied:
- we or the Domestic Subsidiary could create debt secured by a Mortgage on
such property as described above under "Restrictions on Secured Debt and
Limitations on Liens" in an amount equal to the Attributable Debt with
respect to the sale and leaseback transaction without equally and ratably
securing the debt securities; or
- we, within 120 days, apply to the retirement of Funded Debt that is pari
passu with the debt securities an amount equal to the net proceeds of the
sale or the fair market value, whichever is greater, of the leased
Principal Domestic Manufacturing Property. The fair market value is
subject to certain credits for voluntary retirements of Funded Debt.
This restriction will not apply to any sale and leaseback transaction
between us and a Domestic Subsidiary, between Domestic Subsidiaries, or between
a Domestic Subsidiary and a foreign subsidiary, or involving the taking back of
a lease for a period of three years or less.
APPLICABLE DEFINITIONS
"Attributable Debt" means the total net amount of rent (discounted at the
rate of 1% per annum over the weighted average yield to maturity of the
outstanding debt securities compounded semi-annually) required to be paid during
the remaining term of any lease.
"Consolidated Net Tangible Assets" means the aggregate amount of all of our
assets and assets of our consolidated Subsidiaries (after deducting intangible
assets and the amount of all current liabilities).
"Domestic Subsidiary" means a Subsidiary substantially all the fixed assets
of which are located, or substantially all the business of which is carried on,
within the United States, or which owns or leases any Principal Domestic
Manufacturing Property, but such term excludes any Subsidiary the principal
business of which is the financing or ownership of the operations outside the
United States (but such Subsidiary is excluded only so long as it neither owns
nor leases any Principal Domestic Manufacturing Property).
"Funded Debt" means indebtedness for money borrowed having a maturity at or
being renewable or extendible to a date more than 12 months from the date of
determination.
"Mortgage" means any mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest, conditional
sale or other title retention agreement or similar encumbrance.
"Principal Domestic Manufacturing Property" means any facility (together
with the related land and fixtures) used primarily for manufacturing, processing
or warehousing of our products and located in the United States, owned or leased
by us or one of our Subsidiaries and having a gross book value in excess of 1%
of Consolidated Net Tangible Assets, other than any such facility or portion of
a facility that is financed by governmental obligations the interest on which is
excludable from gross income of the holder pursuant to the provisions of Section
103(a) of the Internal Revenue Code or Section 745 of Title 48 of the United
States Code, or which in the opinion of our board of directors is not of
material importance to the total business conducted by us and our Subsidiaries
as an entirety.
"Subsidiary" means a corporation more than 50% of the outstanding voting
stock of which is owned directly or indirectly by us and/or one or more of our
Subsidiaries.
EVENTS OF DEFAULT
Any one of the following events will constitute an event of default under
the indentures:
- failure to pay any interest on any debt security for 30 days past the
applicable due date;
- failure to pay principal of or any premium on any debt security when due;
4
- failure to perform or a breach of any of our covenants or warranties set
forth in the indentures, other than a covenant included in the indenture
solely for the benefit of a different series of debt securities, which
continues for 90 days after written notice as provided in the indentures;
- default under indebtedness for money borrowed in an aggregate principal
amount exceeding $10,000,000 under an agreement by which we or any
Domestic Subsidiary is bound, which default shall have resulted in such
indebtedness becoming due and payable prior to the date on which it would
otherwise be due and payable, and the default is not cured or the
indebtedness discharged within 10 days after written notice as provided
in the indentures; or
- certain events in bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization.
If any event of default with respect to the debt securities occurs and is
continuing, the trustee under the applicable indenture or the holders of at
least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities may
declare the principal amount of all the debt securities to be immediately due
and payable. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of
outstanding debt securities may, under certain circumstances, rescind and annul
such acceleration as long as no judgment or decree based on acceleration has
been obtained. The indentures will obligate the trustee to act with reasonable
care during default. They also will provide that the trustee is not obligated to
exercise any of its rights or powers under the indentures upon the request of
the holders, unless the holders have offered to indemnify the trustee.
If the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt
securities offer to indemnify the trustee and meet certain other conditions,
holders may direct the time, method and place for conducting a proceeding for
any remedy available to the trustee. Before holders may institute any
proceeding,
- a particular holder must notify the trustee of the event of default;
- the trustee must have received a similar notice from the holders of at
least 25% of the principal amount of the outstanding debt securities, and
these holders offered to indemnify the trustee;
- the trustee must not have received a direction inconsistent from that
request from a majority of the holders of the principal amount of the
outstanding debt securities; and
- the trustee shall have failed to institute a proceeding within 60 days.
These limitations will not restrict a debt securities holder from initiating a
suit for payment of principal, premium or interest that is not paid on the
applicable due date. We will be required to furnish annual statements to the
trustee regarding performance of our obligations under the indentures.
MODIFICATION AND WAIVER
The trustee and we may execute additional indentures that modify the
provisions of an indenture or the rights or the holders of debt securities. The
holders of at least a majority of the principal amount of the outstanding debt
securities must also consent to any additional indenture.
Without obtaining the consent of the holder of each outstanding security
affected by any additional indenture, an additional indenture may not:
- change the stated maturity of the principal of, or any installment of
principal of or interest on, any debt security;
- reduce the principal amount of, or the premium, if any, or interest on,
any debt security;
- change the place or currency of payment of principal of, premium, if any,
or interest on, any debt security;
- impair the right to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment on
any debt security on or after the stated maturity or redemption date; or
5
- reduce the percentage in principal amount of outstanding debt securities,
the consent of whose holders is required for modification or amendment of
the indentures or for waiver of compliance with certain provisions of the
indentures or for waiver of certain defaults.
The holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the
outstanding debt securities may waive our compliance with certain provisions of
an indenture on behalf of all holders. They may also waive any past default
under an indenture on behalf of all holders, unless a payment default relates to
one of the indenture provisions or covenants that cannot be modified without the
consent of each affected holder of the debt security.
CONSOLIDATION, MERGER AND SALE OF ASSETS
The indentures will restrict us from engaging in any merger or purchase or
sale of substantially all of our assets, unless:
- the purchaser or successor-in-interest is a business organized under the
applicable law of the United States of America, any state or the District
of Columbia, and it expressly agrees to assume our obligations regarding
the debt securities under a supplemental indenture,
- immediately after giving effect to the transaction, no event of default,
and no event which, after notice or lapse of time or both, would become
an event of default, shall have occurred and be continuing,
- if our properties or assets become subject to a Mortgage not permitted by
the indenture, we or the successor-in-interest takes the necessary steps
to secure the debt securities equally and ratably with (or prior to) all
secured indebtedness, and
- we deliver to the trustee a certification and a legal opinion confirming
compliance with these conditions.
SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE OF THE INDENTURES
We may terminate our obligations under either indenture with respect to the
debt securities of any series when:
- either:
- all outstanding debt securities of each series have been delivered
to the trustee for cancellation; or
- all debt securities of each series not previously delivered to the
trustee for cancellation have become due and payable, will become
due and payable at their stated maturity within one year or, if
redeemable at our option, are to be called for redemption within one
year under arrangements satisfactory to the trustee for the giving
of notice of redemption by the trustee in our name and our expense,
and we have irrevocably deposited with the trustee funds in an
amount sufficient to pay and discharge the entire indebtedness on
the debt securities which have not previously been delivered to the
trustee for cancellation, for the principal of and, if any, interest
or premium, to the date of deposit or the stated maturity or date of
redemption;
- we have paid or caused to be paid all sums payable by us under the
applicable indenture; and
- we have delivered an officers' certificate and an opinion of counsel
relating to compliance with the conditions set forth in the indenture.
6
DEFEASANCE AND COVENANT DEFEASANCE
Our debt securities may be subject to the defeasance and covenant
defeasance provisions of the applicable indenture. If the provisions are
applicable, we have the option to elect either:
- defeasance -- which will discharge us from all obligations in respect of
the debt securities, subject to certain administrative limitations, or
- covenant defeasance -- which will permit us to be released from certain
restrictive covenants of the indentures, including those described under
"Certain Covenants" and "Event of Default."
To invoke either of these options with respect to any debt securities, we
must deposit, in trust, with the trustee an amount of money or U.S. government
obligations that, through the payment of principal and interest in accordance
with their terms, will provide an amount sufficient to pay any principal,
premium and interest on the debt securities in accordance with the terms of the
debt securities.
We may not establish this trust if there is a continuing event of default
or if the establishment of the trust would create a conflicting interest for the
trustee with respect to our other securities. Additionally, we must deliver a
legal opinion to the trustee that provides you will not recognize additional
income, gain or loss for federal income tax purposes as a result of the
defeasance or covenant defeasance election.
If we elect covenant defeasance with respect to any of the debt securities
and those debt securities become immediately due and payable because an event of
default occurs, other than an event of default relating to a covenant from which
we have been released through the covenant defeasance election, the amount of
money and U.S. government obligations on deposit with the trustee may be
insufficient to pay amounts due to you on the debt securities at the time of the
acceleration. However, we remain liable for any deficiency.
PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO SUBORDINATED DEBT SECURITIES
Any subordinated debt securities will be subordinate and junior in right of
payment to the prior payment in full of all our senior indebtedness. "Senior
indebtedness" is the principal (including sinking fund payments) of, and
premium, if any, and interest on any indebtedness that is for:
- money we borrow;
- any indebtedness as may be evidenced by notes, debentures, bonds,
securities or other instruments of indebtedness and for the payment of
which we are responsible or liable, by guarantees or otherwise;
- money borrowed by others, which we have assumed or guaranteed;
- capitalized lease obligations; and
- renewals, extensions, refundings, amendments and modifications of any
indebtedness of the kind described above or of the instruments creating
or evidencing such indebtedness, unless, in each case, the terms of the
instruments evidencing the indebtedness or such renewal, extension,
refunding, amendment or modification provide that it is not senior in
rights of payment to the subordinated debt securities.
In the event we distribute our assets following dissolution, winding up,
liquidation or reorganization, the holders of senior indebtedness will be
entitled to be paid in full in respect of principal, premium, if any, and
interest before any payments are made to holders of the subordinated debt
securities. In addition, if an event of default occurs under the terms of the
subordinated indenture or we have failed to pay the principal, premium, if any,
sinking funds or interest on any senior indebtedness, then the holders of the
subordinated debt securities will not receive any payment of principal, premium,
sinking fund or interest until all of the payments in respect of the senior
indebtedness have been paid in full.
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Subject to any applicable subordination provisions applying to them, our
creditors who are holders of senior indebtedness may recover more ratably than
holders of the subordinated debt securities due to this subordination.
If this prospectus is being delivered in connection with a series of
subordinated debt securities, the prospectus supplement or the information
incorporated in this prospectus by reference will set forth the approximate
amount of senior indebtedness outstanding as of the latest available date. The
prospectus supplement also will identify any limitations on the issuance of
additional senior indebtedness.
CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE
The trustee under each indenture will be identified in the applicable
prospectus supplement. The trustee may perform services for us in the ordinary
course of business.
Under the indentures, the trustee will be required to transmit annual
reports to all holders regarding its eligibility and qualifications as trustee
under the indentures and other related matters.
DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK
The following description is a general summary of the terms of the common
stock that we may issue. The description below and in any prospectus supplement
does not include all of the terms of the common stock and should be read
together with our Amended Articles of Incorporation and Amended Code of
Regulations, copies of which have been filed previously with the SEC.
GENERAL
Under our Amended Articles of Incorporation, we are authorized to issue up
to 300,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share. As of March
29, 2002, 34,840,055 shares of common stock (excluding treasury stock) were
issued and outstanding. In addition, as of that date, 4,376,560 shares were
issuable under outstanding stock options granted under our stock option plans.
Our outstanding common stock is, and the shares of common stock offered by
this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement will be, when issued
and paid for as described in the applicable prospectus supplement, validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable. Holders of common stock have no preemptive
rights to subscribe for any of our securities, nor do they have any preference,
conversion, exchange, sinking fund, redemption or appraisal rights.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol
"FOE."
VOTING RIGHTS
Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held of
record on the applicable record date on all matters presented to a vote of
shareholders. Shareholders have cumulative voting rights in the election of
directors if any shareholder gives notice in writing to the president, a vice
president or the secretary not less than 48 hours before the time fixed for
holding the meeting that cumulative voting at that election is desired. An
announcement of the giving of this notice must be made upon the convening of the
meeting by the chairman or the secretary or by or on behalf of the shareholder
giving the notice. In this event, each shareholder has the right to cumulate
votes and give one nominee the number of votes to which the shareholder is
entitled, or to distribute votes on the same principle among two or more
nominees, as the shareholder sees fit.
DIVIDENDS
Subject to the rights of holders of any preferred stock, each record holder
of common stock on the applicable record date is entitled to receive dividends
on common stock to the extent authorized by our board of directors out of assets
legally available for the payment of dividends. In addition, subject to the
rights of holders of any preferred stock, holders of common stock are entitled
to share ratably in our assets
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legally available for distribution to our shareholders in the event of our
liquidation, dissolution or winding up after payment of or adequate provision
for all our known debts and liabilities.
TRANSFER AGENT
National City Bank is the registrar and transfer agent for our common
stock.
ANTITAKEOVER PROVISIONS
Our Amended Articles of Incorporation and Amended Code of Regulations and
Ohio corporate law contain provisions that could have the effect of delaying,
deferring or preventing a change in control of our ownership or management that
shareholders may consider favorable or beneficial. These provisions are intended
to discourage certain types of coercive takeover practices and inadequate
takeover bids and to encourage persons seeking to acquire control to negotiate
first with our board of directors. We believe that the benefits of these
provisions outweigh the potential disadvantages of discouraging such proposals
because, among other things, negotiation of such proposals might result in an
improvement of their terms. The following description is intended as a summary
only and should be read together with the Amended Articles of Incorporation, the
Amended Code of Regulations and the relevant provisions of Ohio corporate law.
CLASSIFIED BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Our Amended Code of Regulations provides that the board of directors is
divided into three classes of directors, each consisting of not less than three
nor more than five directors, and that each class of directors serves a
staggered three-year term. The classification of directors has the effect of
making it more difficult for shareholders to change the composition of the board
of directors. We believe, however, that the longer time required to elect a
majority of a classified board of directors helps to ensure continuity and
stability of our management and policies. The classification provisions could
also have the effect of discouraging a third party from accumulating large
blocks of our capital stock or attempting to obtain control of us, even though
such an attempt might be beneficial to us and our shareholders. Accordingly,
shareholders could be deprived of certain opportunities to sell their shares of
common stock at a higher market price than might otherwise be the case.
NUMBER OF DIRECTORS; FILLING VACANCIES
Our Amended Code of Regulations provides that the number of directors shall
be not less than nine nor more than fifteen as may be determined by the vote of
the shareholders at any annual meeting or special meeting called for the purpose
of electing directors. In addition to the authority of shareholders to fix or
change the number of directors, the board of directors may change the number of
directors, so long as the change is not more than two above or below the number
of directors authorized by the shareholders at the last annual or special
meeting. In no event may the board of directors fix the number of directors at
less than nine nor more than fifteen. The board of directors also may fill any
director's office that is created by an increase in the number of directors. Our
Amended Code of Regulations provides that any vacancies may be filled by a vote
of a majority of the remaining directors, even if less than a quorum.
SPECIAL MEETINGS
Our Amended Code of Regulations provides that a special meeting of
shareholders may be called by the shareholders only if holders of 25% of the
outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote at such meeting participate
in the call. This provision may have the effect of delaying consideration of a
shareholder proposal until the next annual meeting.
SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS PLAN
We have a shareholder rights plan pursuant to which each share of
outstanding common stock also represents ownership of one right, until the
occurrence of certain events. The rights become exercisable
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only if a person or group acquires 20% or more of our common stock (10% under
certain circumstances) or commences a tender or exchange offer upon consummation
of which such person or group would control 20% or more of the common stock or
is declared an "adverse person" (as this term is defined in the shareholder
rights plan) by the board of directors. The rights, which do not have the right
to vote or receive dividends, expire on April 8, 2006. We may redeem the rights
at a redemption price of $0.0333 per right at any time until the 15th day
following public announcement that a person or group has acquired 20% or more of
the voting power, unless this period is extended by the board of directors while
the rights are redeemable.
If:
- any person becomes the owner of 20% or more of the common stock (10%
under certain circumstances),
- we are the surviving corporation in a merger with a 20% or more
shareholder and the terms of our common stock are not changed or
converted, or
- a 20% or more shareholder engages in certain self-dealing transactions
with us,
then each right not owned by such person or related parties will entitle its
holder to purchase a share of our common stock at a purchase price of 50% of the
then current market price of the common stock, up to a value of $73.33 per
right.
In the event we engage in a merger or other business combination
transaction in which we are not the surviving corporation or we are the
surviving corporation but our common stock is changed or exchanged or 50% or
more of our assets or earning power is sold or transferred, each holder of a
right will have the right to receive, upon exercise of the right at the then
current exercise price, that number of shares of common stock of the surviving
company which at the time of the transaction would have a market value of two
times the exercise price of the right.
CONTROL SHARE ACQUISITIONS
Section 1701.831 of the Ohio Revised Code provides that specified notice
and informational filings and special shareholder meeting and voting procedures
must be followed prior to consummation of a proposed "control share
acquisition." The Ohio Revised Code defines a "control share acquisition" as any
acquisition of an issuer's shares that would entitle the acquirer, immediately
after the acquisition, directly or indirectly, to exercise or direct the
exercise of voting power of the issuer in the election of directors within any
one of the following ranges:
- one-fifth or more but less than one-third of that voting power;
- one-third or more but less than a majority of that voting power; or
- a majority or more of that voting power.
Assuming compliance with the notice and information filings prescribed by
the statute, the proposed control share acquisition may be made only if, at a
special meeting of the shareholders, the acquisition is approved by at least a
majority of the voting power of the issuer represented at the meeting and at
least a majority of the voting power remaining after excluding the combined
voting power of the "interested shares." "Interested shares" are the shares held
by the intended acquirer and the employee-directors and officers of the issuer,
as well as certain shares that were acquired after the date of the first public
disclosure of the acquisition but before the record date for the meeting of
shareholders and shares that were transferred, together with the related voting
power, after the record date for the meeting of shareholders.
BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
Chapter 1704 of the Ohio Revised Code prohibits certain business
combinations and transactions between an "issuing public corporation" and an
"interested shareholder" for at least three years after the
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interested shareholder attains 10% ownership of the issuing public corporation,
unless the board of directors of the issuing public corporation approves the
transaction prior to the interested shareholder attaining such 10% ownership. An
"issuing public corporation" is an Ohio corporation with 50 or more shareholders
that has its principal place of business, principal executive offices or
substantial assets within the State of Ohio, and as to which no close
corporation agreement exists. An "interested shareholder" is a beneficial owner
of 10% or more of the shares of a corporation. Examples of transactions
regulated by Chapter 1704 include the disposition of assets, mergers and
consolidations, voluntary dissolutions and the transfer of shares.
Subsequent to the three-year period, a transaction subject to Chapter 1704
may take place if specified conditions are satisfied, including:
- prior to the interested shareholder's share acquisition date, the board
of directors of the issuing public corporation approves the purchase of
shares by the interested shareholder;
- the transaction is approved by the holders of shares with at least
66 2/3% of the voting power of the corporation (or a different proportion
set forth in the articles of incorporation), including at least a
majority of the outstanding shares after excluding shares controlled by
the interested shareholder; or
- the business combination results in shareholders, other than the
interested shareholder, receiving a fair price plus interest for their
shares.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED STOCK
The following description is a general summary of the terms of the
preferred stock that we may issue. The description below and in any prospectus
supplement does not include all of the terms of the preferred stock and should
be read together with our Amended Articles of Incorporation and Amended Code of
Regulations and the applicable terms of the related series of preferred stock as
established by the board of directors.
GENERAL
Under our Amended Articles of Incorporation, we are authorized to issue up
to 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock, without par value. In 1989, we
established a series of preferred stock called Series A ESOP Convertible
Preferred Stock and authorized the issuance of up to 1,762,500 shares of such
stock to National City Bank, as trustee for our Employee Stock Ownership Plan.
As of March 29, 2002, 825,816 shares of Series A preferred stock were issued and
outstanding.
We believe that the ability of the board of directors to issue one or more
classes or series of preferred stock provides us with increased flexibility in
structuring possible future financings and acquisitions, and in meeting other
corporate needs that might arise. The authorized shares of preferred stock, as
well as shares of common stock, are available for issuance without further
action by our shareholders, unless such action is required by applicable law or
the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which our
securities may be listed or traded.
RANK
Our preferred stock will have priority over our common stock with respect
to dividends and distribution of assets. Our Amended Articles of Incorporation
provide that all shares of preferred stock shall be of equal rank and shall be
identical except with respect to those matters that may be fixed by the board of
directors. The board of directors is authorized to provide for the issuance of
preferred stock in one or more series and to determine matters such as:
- the distinctive serial designations and the division of shares into
series and the number of shares of a particular series, which may be
increased or decreased, but not below the number of shares then
outstanding;
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- the annual dividend rate for the particular series, and the date or dates
from which dividends on all shares of the series will be cumulative, if
dividends on stock of the particular series will be cumulative;
- the redemption price or prices for the particular series;
- the right, if any, of the holders of a particular series to convert the
stock into other classes of stock, and the terms and conditions of that
conversion to the extent not otherwise provided in the Amended Articles
of Incorporation; and
- the rights, if any, of the holders of a particular series of preferred
stock upon our voluntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up or in the
event of any merger or consolidation of or sale of assets by us.
In the event of involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our
affairs, the preferred stock will be entitled to a liquidation preference of
$25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends. The holders of shares of
preferred stock will not be entitled to any preemptive right to purchase or have
offered to them any shares of preferred stock or other securities.
You should refer to the prospectus supplement relating to the class or
series of preferred stock being offered for the specific terms of that class or
series, including the matters described above.
VOTING RIGHTS
The board of directors is not authorized to establish the voting rights of
preferred stock. Holders of preferred stock are generally entitled to one vote
for each share of stock held upon all matters presented to the shareholders,
plus special voting rights in the event of a default in the payment of preferred
dividends. If we are in default in the payment of six full quarterly dividends
(whether or not consecutive), the holders of preferred stock have the right to
elect two additional directors, who will remain in office until such dividends
in arrears are paid. The vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the
outstanding shares of preferred stock is necessary to effect:
- any amendment, alteration or repeal of any of the provisions of the
Amended Articles of Incorporation or the Amended Code of Regulations that
affects adversely the voting powers, rights or preferences of the holders
of preferred stock, or
- the authorization or creation of, or the increase in the authorized
amount of, any shares of any class, or any security convertible into
shares of any class, ranking prior to the preferred stock, or
- the purchase or redemption of less than all of the preferred stock then
outstanding (except in accordance with a stock purchase offer made to all
holders of preferred stock) when any dividends or sinking fund
obligations on the preferred stock are in arrears.
In addition, the vote of the holders of at least a majority of the
outstanding shares of preferred stock will be necessary to effect:
- the sale, lease or conveyance by us of all or substantially all of our
property or business, or our consolidation with or merger into any other
corporation, unless the resulting corporation will have no shares
authorized or outstanding ranking prior to or on a parity with the
preferred stock, except the same number with the same rights and
preferences as those of our preferred stock authorized and outstanding
immediately preceding the transaction, and each holder of preferred stock
immediately prior to the transaction receives the same number of shares,
with the same rights and preferences, of the resulting corporation, or
- the authorization of any shares ranking on a parity with the preferred
stock or an increase in the authorized number of shares of preferred
stock.
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DISTRIBUTIONS
Holders of the preferred stock of each series will be entitled to receive,
to the extent declared by our board of directors, out of our assets legally
available for payment to shareholders, cash distributions or distributions in
kind or in other property if expressly permitted and described in the applicable
prospectus supplement, at such rates and on such dates as will be set forth in
the applicable prospectus supplement. Each such distribution will be payable to
holders of record as they appear on our stock transfer books on such record
dates as will be fixed by the board of directors. Distributions on any series of
preferred stock, if cumulative, will be cumulative from the date set forth in
the applicable prospectus supplement.
REDEMPTION
The terms and conditions, if any, upon which the preferred stock will be
subject to mandatory redemption or redemption at our option, either in whole or
in part, will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
LIQUIDATION PREFERENCE
Upon any voluntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs,
then, before any distribution or payment may be made to the holders of common
stock or any other class or series of shares of our capital stock ranking junior
to the preferred stock in that circumstance, the holders of each series of
preferred stock shall be entitled to receive out of our assets legally available
for distribution to shareholders liquidating distributions in the amount of the
liquidation preference set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, plus
an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid distributions. After payment of
the full amount of the liquidating distributions to which they are entitled, the
holders of shares of preferred stock will have no right or claim to any of our
remaining assets.
If, upon any such voluntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, our
available assets are insufficient to pay the amount of the liquidating
distributions on all outstanding shares of preferred stock and the corresponding
amounts payable on all shares of other classes or series of our shares of
capital stock ranking on a parity with the preferred stock in the distribution
of assets, then the holders of the preferred stock and all other such classes or
series of shares of capital stock will share ratably in any distribution of
assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would
otherwise be entitled.
If liquidating distributions have been made in full to all holders of
preferred stock, our remaining assets shall be distributed among the holders of
any other classes or series of shares of capital stock ranking junior to the
preferred stock upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, according to their
rights and preferences and in each case according to their number of shares. For
such purposes, our consolidation or merger with or into any other corporation,
trust or entity, or the sale, lease or conveyance of all or substantially all of
our property or business, will not be deemed to constitute a liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of our affairs.
CONVERSION RIGHTS
The terms and conditions, if any, upon which any series of preferred stock
is convertible into common stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. Such terms will include:
- the number of shares of common stock into which the shares of preferred
stock are convertible;
- the conversion price or the manner of calculating the conversion price;
- the conversion date(s) or period(s);
- provisions as to whether conversion will be at the option of the holders
of the preferred stock or at our option;
- the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion price; and
- provisions affecting conversion in the event of the redemption of the
series of preferred stock.
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DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITARY SHARES
The following description is a general summary of the terms of the
depositary shares that we may issue. The description below and in any prospectus
supplement does not include all of the terms of the depositary shares and should
be read together with the applicable deposit agreement and related depositary
receipts, which are filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which
this prospectus is a part.
GENERAL
We may issue depositary shares, each of which will represent a fractional
interest of a share of a particular series of preferred stock, as specified in
the applicable prospectus supplement. Shares of preferred stock of each series
represented by depositary shares will be deposited under a separate deposit
agreement among us, the "depositary" named in the agreement and the holders from
time to time of the depositary shares. Subject to the terms of the deposit
agreement, each holder of a depositary share will be entitled, in proportion to
the fractional interest of a share of a particular series of preferred stock
represented by the depositary shares, to all the rights and preferences of the
preferred stock represented by those depositary shares, including dividend,
conversion, redemption and liquidation rights. The depositary shares will be
evidenced by depositary receipts issued pursuant to the applicable deposit
agreement. Immediately following the issuance and delivery of our preferred
stock to the depositary, we will cause the depositary to issue, on our behalf,
the depositary receipts.
The depositary will forward to holders of depositary shares any reports and
communications from us that are received by the depositary with respect to the
related preferred stock.
DIVIDENDS AND OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS
The depositary will distribute all cash dividends or other cash
distributions received in respect of the preferred stock to the holders of
depositary shares in proportion to the number of the depositary shares owned by
the holders. In connection with this distribution, holders will be required to
file proofs, certificates and other information and to pay specified charges and
expenses to the depositary.
In the event of a distribution other than in cash, the depositary will
distribute property received by it to the holders of depositary shares entitled
to that property, upon satisfaction by holders of their obligations to file
proofs, certificates and other information and to pay specified charges and
expenses to the depositary. However, if the depositary determines it is not
feasible to make a noncash distribution, the depositary may, with our approval,
sell the property and distribute the net proceeds from the sale to the holders.
No distribution will be made in respect of any depositary share to the
extent that it represents any preferred stock converted into other securities.
WITHDRAWAL OF PREFERRED STOCK
Holders of depositary shares will be entitled to surrender their depositary
shares and withdraw, in whole or in part, the corresponding number of whole or
fractional shares of preferred stock represented by the surrendered depositary
shares, so long as the surrendered depositary shares were not previously called
for redemption or converted into other securities. Holders will be required to
surrender the corresponding depositary receipt(s) at the corporate trust office
of the depositary, which will entitle those holders to delivery of the number of
whole or fractional shares of preferred stock and any money or other property
represented by the surrendered depositary shares. If the depositary shares
surrendered to the depositary represents a larger number of shares of preferred
stock than the holder desires to withdraw, then the depositary will deliver to
the holder new depositary shares, evidenced by a depositary receipt,
representing the excess number of shares of preferred stock.
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REDEMPTION OF DEPOSITARY SHARES
Whenever we redeem shares of preferred stock held by the depositary, we
will pay in full to the depositary the redemption price of the preferred stock
to be redeemed plus an amount equal to any accrued and unpaid dividends to the
date fixed for redemption. The depositary then will redeem, as of the same
redemption date, the number of depositary shares representing shares of the
preferred stock so redeemed. The redemption price per depositary share will be
equal to the corresponding proportion of the redemption price and any other
amounts per share payable with respect to the preferred stock. If fewer than all
the depositary shares are to be redeemed, the depositary shares to be redeemed
will be selected pro rata, as nearly as may be practicable without creating
fractional depositary shares, or by another equitable method.
All dividends in respect of the shares of preferred stock called for
redemption will cease to accrue on the date fixed for redemption. In addition,
on that date, the depositary shares called for redemption will no longer be
deemed to be outstanding and all rights of the holders of the depositary shares
called for redemption will cease, except for the right to receive any moneys
payable upon the redemption of the depositary shares and any money or other
property to which the holders of the depositary shares were entitled upon the
redemption and surrender of the depositary shares to the depositary.
VOTING OF THE PREFERRED STOCK
Upon receipt of notice of any meeting at which the holders of the preferred
stock are entitled to vote, the depositary will mail the information contained
in the notice of meeting to the holders of the depositary shares which represent
such preferred stock. Each holder of depositary shares on the record date, which
will be the same date as the record date for the preferred stock, will be
entitled to instruct the depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights
pertaining to the amount of preferred stock represented by the holder's
depositary shares. The depositary will vote the amount of preferred stock
represented by the depositary shares in accordance with the instructions, and we
will agree to take all reasonable action which may be deemed necessary by the
depositary in order to enable the depositary to do so. The depositary will
abstain from voting the amount of preferred stock represented by the depositary
shares to the extent it does not receive specific instructions from the holders
of depositary shares. The depositary shall not be responsible for any failure to
carry out any instruction to vote, or for the manner or effect of any such vote
made, as long as that action or nonaction is in good faith and does not result
from negligence or willful misconduct of the depositary.
LIQUIDATION PREFERENCE
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, whether
voluntary or involuntary, the holders of each depositary share will be entitled
to the fraction of the liquidation preference accorded each share of preferred
stock represented by the depositary shares, as set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement.
CONVERSION OF PREFERRED STOCK
The depositary shares, as such, are not convertible into our common stock
or any of our other securities or property. Nevertheless, if specified in the
applicable prospectus supplement relating to an offering of depositary shares,
the depositary shares may be surrendered by their holders to the depositary with
written instructions to the depositary to instruct us to cause conversion of the
preferred stock represented by the depositary shares into whole shares of our
common stock, other shares of our preferred stock or other of our equity
securities. In those circumstances, upon receipt of those instructions and any
applicable amounts payable, we will cause the conversion of that preferred stock
utilizing the same procedures as those provided for delivery of preferred stock
to effect such conversion. If the depositary shares are to be converted in part
only, a new depositary receipt or receipts will be issued for any depositary
shares not to be converted. No fractional shares of common stock will be issued
upon conversion, and if such conversion would result in a fractional share being
issued, we will pay an amount
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in cash equal to the value of the fractional interest determined as specified in
the applicable prospectus supplement.
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT
The form of depositary receipt evidencing the depositary shares that
represent the preferred stock and any provision of the deposit agreement may at
any time be amended by agreement between the depositary and us. However, any
amendment that materially and adversely alters the rights of the holders of
depositary shares or that would be materially and adversely inconsistent with
the rights granted to the holders of the related preferred stock will not be
effective unless the amendment has been approved by the holders of at least a
majority of the outstanding depositary shares. Subject to certain exceptions in
the deposit agreement, no amendment may impair the right of any holder of
depositary shares to surrender any depositary shares with instructions to
deliver to the holder the related preferred stock and all money and other
property, if any, represented by the depositary share. Every holder of an
outstanding depositary share at the time any amendment becomes effective will be
deemed, by continuing to hold such share, to consent and agree to the amendment
and to be bound by the amended deposit agreement.
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, we may
terminate the deposit agreement upon not less than 30 days prior written notice
to the depositary if a majority of each class of depositary shares affected by
the termination consents. In that case, the depositary will deliver or make
available to each holder of depositary shares, upon surrender of the depositary
shares held by the holder, the number of whole or fractional shares of preferred
stock as are represented by the depositary shares, together with any other
property held by the depositary with respect to the depositary shares. In
addition, the deposit agreement will automatically terminate if:
- all outstanding depositary shares have been redeemed;
- there has been a final distribution in respect of the related preferred
stock in connection with our liquidation, dissolution or winding up and
that distribution has been distributed to the holders of depositary
shares representing such preferred stock; or
- each share of the related preferred stock has been converted into our
securities not represented by depositary shares.
DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS
The following description is a general summary of the terms of the warrants
that we may issue. The description below and in any prospectus supplement does
not include all of the terms of the warrants and should be read together with
the applicable warrant agreement, which is filed as an exhibit to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
GENERAL
We may issue, together with other securities or separately, warrants to
purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities. We will issue the
warrants under warrant agreements to be entered into between us and a bank or
trust company, as warrant agent, all as will be set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement. The warrant agent will act solely as our agent in
connection with the warrants of the series being offered and will not assume any
obligation or relationship of agency or trust for or with any holders or
beneficial owners of warrants.
The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the following terms,
where applicable, of any warrants offered by this prospectus and the applicable
prospectus supplement:
- the title of the warrants;
- the designation, amount and terms of the securities for which the
warrants are exercisable and the procedures and conditions relating to
the exercise of the warrants;
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- the designation and terms of the other securities, if any, with which the
warrants are to be issued and the number of warrants issued with each
such security;
- the price or prices at which the warrants will be issued;
- the aggregate number of warrants;
- any provisions for adjustment of the number or amount of securities
receivable upon exercise of the warrants or of the exercise price of the
warrants;
- the price or prices at which the securities purchasable upon exercise of
the warrants may be purchased;
- the date after which the warrants and the securities purchasable upon
exercise of the warrants will be separately transferable;
- a discussion of the material United States federal income tax
considerations applicable to the exercise of the warrants;
- the dates upon which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and
expire;
- the maximum or minimum number of warrants that may be exercised at any
time;
- information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any; and
- any other terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and
limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the warrants.
EXERCISE OF WARRANTS
Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase for cash the number of
shares of common stock or preferred stock, or the amount of debt securities, at
the exercise price set forth in or determinable as set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement. Warrants will be exercisable at any time up to the close
of business on the expiration date set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, unexercised
warrants will become void.
Warrants will be exercisable as set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. Upon receipt of payment and the properly completed warrant
certificate at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent or any other
office indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will forward the
purchased securities as soon as practicable. If less than all of the warrants
represented by a warrant certificate are exercised, a new warrant certificate
will be issued for the remaining warrants.
DESCRIPTION OF STOCK PURCHASE CONTRACTS
AND STOCK PURCHASE UNITS
We may issue stock purchase contracts, which are contracts obligating
holders to purchase from us, and us to sell to holders, a specified number of
shares of common stock or preferred stock at a future date or dates. The price
per share of common stock or preferred stock may be fixed at the time the stock
purchase contracts are issued or may be determined by reference to a specific
formula set forth in the stock purchase contracts. The stock purchase contracts
may be issued separately or as a part of units (referred to in this prospectus
as stock purchase units), each consisting of a stock purchase contract and debt
obligations of the United States of America or its agencies or instrumentalities
securing the holders' obligations to purchase the securities under the stock
purchase contracts. The stock purchase contracts may require us to make periodic
payments to the holders of the stock purchase units or vice versa, and such
payments may be unsecured or prefunded on a specified basis. The stock purchase
contracts may require holders to secure their obligations in a specified manner.
The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms of any stock
purchase contracts or stock purchase units. The description in the applicable
prospectus supplement will be a general summary of the
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terms of the stock purchase contracts or stock purchase units and will not
include all of the terms of the stock purchase contracts or stock purchase
units. That description should be read together with the applicable stock
purchase contract and, if applicable, collateral arrangements and depositary
arrangements relating to the stock purchase contracts or stock purchase units.
The form of the purchase contract agreement is filed as an exhibit to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
BOOK-ENTRY SECURITIES
The securities offered by this prospectus and any applicable prospectus
supplement may be issued in whole or in part in book-entry form. In that case,
beneficial owners of the securities will not receive certificates representing
their ownership interests in the securities, except in the event the book-entry
system for the securities is discontinued. Securities issued in book-entry form
will be evidenced by one or more global securities that will be deposited with,
or on behalf of, a depositary identified in the applicable prospectus supplement
relating to the securities. The Depository Trust Company is expected to serve as
depository. A global security may not be transferred except as a whole between
the depository and one or more of its nominees or a successor. Global securities
may be issued in either registered or bearer form and in either temporary or
permanent form. The specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to
a class or series of securities that differ from the terms described in this
prospectus will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we
anticipate that the following provisions will apply to depository arrangements.
Upon the issuance of a global security, the depository for the global
security or its nominee will credit on its book-entry registration and transfer
system the respective principal amounts of the individual securities represented
by the global security to the respective accounts of the beneficial owners of
the individual securities, who are called "participants." The accounts will be
designated by the underwriters, dealers or agents with respect to the securities
or by us if we directly offer and sell the securities. Ownership of a beneficial
interest in a global security will be limited to the depository's participants
and will be shown on the records maintained by the depository or its nominee.
Transfers of that ownership interest will be effected only through those
records. Others may hold a beneficial interest in a global security but only
through the ownership of a participant. Ownership and any transfer of that
beneficial ownership will be shown on and effected through records maintained by
the participant. The laws of some states require that certain purchasers of
securities take physical delivery of the securities in definitive form. These
laws may impair the ability to own, pledge or transfer beneficial interests in a
global security.
So long as the depository for a global security or its nominee is the
registered owner of the global security, the depository or nominee, as the case
may be, will be considered the sole owner of the securities represented by the
global security for all purposes under the applicable instrument defining the
rights of a holder of the underlying securities. Except as described below or in
the applicable prospectus supplement, participants, or anyone holding through a
participant, will not be entitled to have any of the underlying securities
registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical
delivery of any of the underlying securities in definitive form and will not be
considered the owners of the underlying securities under the applicable
instrument defining the rights of the holders of the underlying securities.
Amounts payable with respect to the underlying securities will be paid to
the depository or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of
the global security. Neither we, nor any of our officers or directors, nor any
paying agent or security registrar for an individual series of securities will
have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to
or payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in a global
security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to
the beneficial ownership interests.
We expect that the depository for a series of securities issued in
book-entry form, upon receipt of any payment of a dividend or any other amount
in respect of a global security, will immediately credit its participants'
accounts with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective interests in
the global
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security as shown on the records of the depository or its nominee. We also
expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in the
global security held through the participants will be governed by standing
instructions and customary practices, as is the case with securities held for
the account of customers in bearer form or registered in "street name." Such
payments will be the responsibility of the participants.
If a depository for a series of securities is at any time unwilling, unable
or ineligible to continue as depository and a successor depository is not
appointed by us within 90 days, we will issue individual securities of that
series in exchange for the global security representing the series of
securities. In addition, we may, at any time and in our sole discretion, subject
to any limitations described in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to
the securities, determine not to have any securities of a series represented by
one or more global securities and, in such event, will issue individual
securities of the series in exchange for the global security or securities
representing that series of securities.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell the securities to one or more underwriters for public offering
and sale by them or we may sell the securities to investors directly or through
agents. Any underwriter or agent involved in the offer and sale of the
securities will be named in the applicable prospectus supplement.
If we use underwriters for an offering of securities, the underwriters will
acquire the securities for their own accounts. The underwriters may resell the
securities at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed, at prices related
to the prevailing market prices at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices. We
also may, from time to time, authorize underwriters acting as our agents to
offer and sell the securities upon the terms and conditions as will be set forth
in the applicable prospectus supplement. In connection with the sale of the
securities, underwriters may be deemed to have received compensation from us in
the form of underwriting discounts or commissions and also may receive
commissions from purchasers of the securities. Underwriters may sell the
securities to or through dealers, who may receive compensation in the form of
discounts, concessions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the
purchasers of the securities.
Any underwriting compensation paid by us to underwriters or agents in
connection with any offering of the securities and any discounts, concessions or
commissions allowed by underwriters to participating dealers will be set forth
in the applicable prospectus supplement. Underwriters, dealers and agents
participating in the distribution of the securities may be deemed to be
underwriters, and any discounts and commissions received by them and any profit
realized by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting
discounts and commissions. We may agree to indemnify underwriters, dealers and
agents against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities
Act, or to contribute with respect to payments underwriters, dealers or agents
may be required to make.
If so indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we may authorize
underwriters, dealers or agents to solicit offers from certain types of
institutions to purchase securities from us at the public offering price set
forth in the applicable prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery
contracts providing for payment and delivery on a future date. Institutions with
which delayed delivery contracts may be made include commercial and savings
banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, educational and
charitable institutions, and other institutions. The applicable prospectus
supplement will set forth the commission payable for solicitation of such
offers.
Any underwriter may engage in overallotment, stabilizing transactions,
short-covering transactions and penalty bids in accordance with Regulation M
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Overallotment involves sales in
excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing
transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the
stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified maximum. Short-covering transactions
involve purchases of the securities in the open market after the distribution is
completed to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to
reclaim a selling concession from a dealer when the securities originally sold
by the dealer are purchased in a covering transaction to
19
cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to
be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the underwriters may
discontinue any of these activities at any time.
Underwriters and their affiliates may engage in transactions with or
perform services for us in the ordinary course of business.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with the securities to be offered by
this prospectus, including their legality, will be passed upon for us by Squire,
Sanders & Dempsey L.L.P., Cleveland, Ohio. Mary Ann Jorgenson, Esq., a partner
in such firm, is Secretary of the Company.
EXPERTS
The consolidated financial statements of Ferro Corporation and subsidiaries
as of December 31, 2001 and 2000, and for each of the years in the three-year
period ended December 31, 2001, have been incorporated by reference in this
prospectus in reliance upon the reports of KPMG LLP, independent accountants,
incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and upon the authority of said
firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
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4,500,000 SHARES
FERRO CORPORATION
COMMON STOCK
[FERRO LOGO]
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PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
MAY 9, 2002
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SALOMON SMITH BARNEY
CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON
MERRILL LYNCH & CO.
MORGAN STANLEY
MCDONALD INVESTMENTS INC.
FIRST ANALYSIS SECURITIES CORPORATION
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