UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, DC 20549 FORM N-PX ANNUAL REPORT OF PROXY VOTING RECORD OF REGISTERED MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANY Investment Company Act File No. 811-22738 First Trust MLP and Energy Income Fund ------------------------------------------------------------- Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Declaration of Trust 120 East Liberty Drive, Suite 400, Wheaton, Illinois 60187 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Address of Principal Executive Offices (Number, Street, City, State, Zip Code) W. Scott Jardine First Trust Portfolios L.P. 120 East Liberty Drive, Suite 400 Wheaton, Illinois 60187 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Name and Address (Number, Street, City, State, Zip Code) of Agent for Service (630) 765-8000 -------------------------------------------------- Registrant's Telephone Number, including Area Code Date of fiscal year end: October 31 ----------- Date of reporting period: July 1, 2015 - June 30, 2016 ----------------------------- Form N-PX is to be used by a registered management investment company, other than a small business investment company registered on Form N-5 (ss.ss. 239.24 and 274.5 of this chapter), to file reports with the Commission, not later than August 31 of each year, containing the registrant's proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30, pursuant to section 30 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 and rule 30b1-4 thereunder (17 CFR 270.30b1-4). The Commission may use the information provided on Form N-PX in its regulatory, disclosure review, inspection, and policymaking roles. A registrant is required to disclose the information specified by Form N-PX, and the Commission will make this information public. A registrant is not required to respond to the collection of information contained in Form N-PX unless the Form displays a currently valid Office of Management and Budget ("OMB") control number. Please direct comments concerning the accuracy of the information collection burden estimate and any suggestions for reducing the burden to the Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington D.C. 20549. The OMB has reviewed this collection of information under the clearance requirements of 44 U.S.C. Section 3507. Item 1. Proxy Voting Record National Grid plc -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker NG. Primary CUSIP G6375K151 Meeting Date 21-Jul-15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Accept Financial Statements and Statutory Reports For No Management Approve Final Dividend For No Management Re-elect Sir Peter Gershon as Director For No Management Re-elect Steve Holliday as Director For No Management Re-elect Andrew Bonfield as Director For No Management Re-elect John Pettigrew as Director For No Management Elect Dean Seavers as Director For No Management Re-elect Nora Mead Brownell as Director For No Management Re-elect Jonathan Dawson as Director For No Management Re-elect Therese Esperdy as Director For No Management Re-elect Paul Golby as Director For No Management Re-elect Ruth Kelly as Director For No Management Re-elect Mark Williamson as Director For No Management Reappoint PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as Auditors For No Management Authorize Board to Fix Remuneration of Auditors For No Management Approve Remuneration Report For No Management Authorize Issue of Equity with Pre-emptive Rights For No Management Authorize Issue of Equity without Pre-emptive Rights For No Management Authorize Market Purchase of Ordinary Shares For No Management Authorize the Company to Call EGM with 14 Working Days' Notice For No Enbridge Income Fund Holdings Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker ENF Primary CUSIP 29251R105 Meeting Date 20-Aug-15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Approve Acquisition of Liquids Pipelines and Renewable Assets through For No Enbridge Income Partners LP, an Indirect Subsidiary of Enbridge Income Fund Golar LNG Partners LP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker GMLP Primary CUSIP Y2745C102 Meeting Date 23-Sep-15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Andrew J.D. Whalley Against Yes Management Elect Director Paul Leand Jr. Against Yes Hoegh LNG Partners LP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker HMLP Primary CUSIP Y3262R100 Meeting Date 09-Oct-15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Andrew Jamieson For No Piedmont Natural Gas Company, Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker PNY Primary CUSIP 720186105 Meeting Date 22-Jan-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Approve Merger Agreement For No Management Advisory Vote on Golden Parachutes For No Management Adjourn Meeting For No UGI Corporation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker UGI Primary CUSIP 902681105 Meeting Date 28-Jan-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director M. Shawn Bort For No Management Elect Director Richard W. Gochnauer For No Management Elect Director Frank S. Hermance For No Management Elect Director Ernest E. Jones For No Management Elect Director Anne Pol For No Management Elect Director Marvin O. Schlanger For No Management Elect Director James B. Stallings, Jr. For No Management Elect Director Roger B. Vincent For No Management Elect Director John L. Walsh For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Management Ratify Ernst & Young LLP as Auditors For No Atmos Energy Corporation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker ATO Primary CUSIP 049560105 Meeting Date 03-Feb-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Robert W. Best For No Management Elect Director Kim R. Cocklin For No Management Elect Director Richard W. Douglas For No Management Elect Director Ruben E. Esquivel For No Management Elect Director Richard K. Gordon For No Management Elect Director Robert C. Grable For No Management Elect Director Michael E. Haefner For No Management Elect Director Thomas C. Meredith For No Management Elect Director Nancy K. Quinn For No Management Elect Director Richard A. Sampson For No Management Elect Director Stephen R. Springer For No Management Elect Director Richard Ware II For No Management Amend Omnibus Stock Plan For No Management Amend Executive Incentive Bonus Plan For No Management Ratify Ernst & Young LLP as Auditors For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Management Advisory Vote on Say on Pay Frequency One Year No Targa Resources Partners LP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker NGLS Primary CUSIP 87611X105 Meeting Date 12-Feb-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Approve Merger Agreement For No Management Advisory Vote on Golden Parachutes For No Public Service Enterprise Group Incorporated -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker PEG Primary CUSIP 744573106 Meeting Date 19-Apr-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Willie A. Deese For No Management Elect Director Albert R. Gamper, Jr. For No Management Elect Director William V. Hickey For No Management Elect Director Ralph Izzo For No Management Elect Director Shirley Ann Jackson For No Management Elect Director David Lilley For No Management Elect Director Thomas A. Renyi For No Management Elect Director Hak Cheol (H.C.) Shin For No Management Elect Director Richard J. Swift For No Management Elect Director Susan Tomasky For No Management Elect Director Alfred W. Zollar For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche LLP as Auditors For No Magellan Midstream Partners, L.P. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker MMP Primary CUSIP 559080106 Meeting Date 21-Apr-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Walter R. Arnheim For No Management Elect Director Patrick C. Eilers (Withdrawn) For No Management Amend Restricted Stock Plan For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Management Ratify Ernst & Young LLP as Auditors For No American Electric Power Company, Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker AEP Primary CUSIP 025537101 Meeting Date 26-Apr-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Nicholas K. Akins For No Management Elect Director David J. Anderson For No Management Elect Director J. Barnie Beasley, Jr. For No Management Elect Director Ralph D. Crosby, Jr. For No Management Elect Director Linda A. Goodspeed For No Management Elect Director Thomas E. Hoaglin For No Management Elect Director Sandra Beach Lin For No Management Elect Director Richard C. Notebaert For No Management Elect Director Lionel L. Nowell ,III For No Management Elect Director Stephen S. Rasmussen For No Management Elect Director Oliver G. Richard, III For No Management Elect Director Sara Martinez Tucker For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche LLP as Auditors For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Exelon Corporation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker EXC Primary CUSIP 30161N101 Meeting Date 26-Apr-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Anthony K. Anderson For No Management Elect Director Ann C. Berzin For No Management Elect Director Christopher M. Crane For No Management Elect Director Yves C. de Balmann For No Management Elect Director Nicholas DeBenedictis For No Management Elect Director Nancy L. Gioia For No Management Elect Director Linda P. Jojo For No Management Elect Director Paul L. Joskow For No Management Elect Director Robert J. Lawless For No Management Elect Director Richard W. Mies For No Management Elect Director John W. Rogers, Jr. For No Management Elect Director Mayo A. Shattuck, III For No Management Elect Director Stephen D. Steinour For No Management Ratify PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as Auditors For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation Against Yes Management Provide Proxy Access Right For No Spectra Energy Corp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker SE Primary CUSIP 847560109 Meeting Date 26-Apr-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Gregory L. Ebel For No Management Elect Director F. Anthony Comper For No Management Elect Director Austin A. Adams For No Management Elect Director Joseph Alvarado For No Management Elect Director Pamela L. Carter For No Management Elect Director Clarence P. Cazalot, Jr. For No Management Elect Director Peter B. Hamilton For No Management Elect Director Miranda C. Hubbs For No Management Elect Director Michael McShane For No Management Elect Director Michael G. Morris For No Management Elect Director Michael E. J. Phelps For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche LLP as Auditors For No Management Amend Omnibus Stock Plan For No Management Amend Executive Incentive Bonus Plan For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Share Holder Report on Political Contributions For Yes Share Holder Report on Lobbying Payments and Policy For Yes SCANA Corporation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker SCG Primary CUSIP 80589M102 Meeting Date 28-Apr-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Gregory E. Aliff For No Management Elect Director Sharon A. Decker For No Management Elect Director Kevin B. Marsh For No Management Elect Director James M. Micali For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche LLP as Auditors For No Management Amend Outside Director Stock Awards in Lieu of Cash For No Management Amend Outside Director Stock Awards in Lieu of Cash For No Management Declassify the Board of Directors For No TransCanada Corporation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker TRP Primary CUSIP 89353D107 Meeting Date 29-Apr-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Kevin E. Benson For No Management Elect Director Derek H. Burney For No Management Elect Director Russell K. Girling For No Management Elect Director S. Barry Jackson For No Management Elect Director John E. Lowe For No Management Elect Director Paula Rosput Reynolds For No Management Elect Director John Richels For No Management Elect Director Mary Pat Salomone For No Management Elect Director Indira V. Samarasekera For No Management Elect Director D. Michael G. Stewart For No Management Elect Director Siim A. Vanaselja For No Management Elect Director Richard E. Waugh For No Management Approve KPMG LLP as Auditors and Authorize Board to Fix Their For No Remuneration Management Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation Approach For No Management Amend Stock Option Plan For No Management Approve Shareholder Rights Plan For No Eversource Energy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker ES Primary CUSIP 30040W108 Meeting Date 04-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director John S. Clarkeson For No Management Elect Director Cotton M. Cleveland For No Management Elect Director Sanford Cloud, Jr. For No Management Elect Director James S. DiStasio For No Management Elect Director Francis A. Doyle For No Management Elect Director Charles K. Gifford For No Management Elect Director Paul A. La Camera For No Management Elect Director Kenneth R. Leibler For No Management Elect Director Thomas J. May For No Management Elect Director William C. Van Faasen For No Management Elect Director Frederica M. Williams For No Management Elect Director Dennis R. Wraase For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche LLP as Auditors For No CMS Energy Corporation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker CMS Primary CUSIP 125896100 Meeting Date 06-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Jon E. Barfield For No Management Elect Director Deborah H. Butler For No Management Elect Director Kurt L. Darrow For No Management Elect Director Stephen E. Ewing For No Management Elect Director Richard M. Gabrys For No Management Elect Director William D. Harvey For No Management Elect Director Philip R. Lochner, Jr. For No Management Elect Director Patricia K. Poppe For No Management Elect Director John G. Russell For No Management Elect Director Myrna M. Soto For No Management Elect Director John G. Sznewajs For No Management Elect Director Laura H. Wright For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Management Ratify PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as Auditors For No Kinder Morgan, Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker KMI Primary CUSIP 49456B101 Meeting Date 10-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Richard D. Kinder For No Management Elect Director Steven J. Kean For No Management Elect Director Ted A. Gardner Withhold Yes Management Elect Director Anthony W. Hall, Jr. Withhold Yes Management Elect Director Gary L. Hultquist For No Management Elect Director Ronald L. Kuehn, Jr. Withhold Yes Management Elect Director Deborah A. Macdonald For No Management Elect Director Michael C. Morgan For No Management Elect Director Arthur C. Reichstetter For No Management Elect Director Fayez Sarofim Withhold Yes Management Elect Director C. Park Shaper For No Management Elect Director William A. Smith For No Management Elect Director Joel V. Staff For No Management Elect Director Robert F. Vagt For No Management Elect Director Perry M. Waughtal For No Management Ratify PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as Auditors For No Share Holder Report on Capital Expenditure Strategy with Respect to Climate Change For Yes Policy Share Holder Report on Methane Emissions Management For Yes Share Holder Report on Sustainability, Including Human Rights For Yes Share Holder Report on Steps Taken to Increase Board Diversity For Yes Enbridge Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker ENB Primary CUSIP 29250N105 Meeting Date 12-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director David A. Arledge For No Management Elect Director James J. Blanchard For No Management Elect Director Marcel R. Coutu For No Management Elect Director J. Herb England For No Management Elect Director Charles W. Fischer For No Management Elect Director V. Maureen Kempston Darkes For No Management Elect Director Al Monaco For No Management Elect Director George K. Petty For No Management Elect Director Rebecca B. Roberts For No Management Elect Director Dan C. Tutcher For No Management Elect Director Catherine L. Williams For No Management Ratify PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as Auditors For No Management Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation Approach For No Share Holder Require Audit Committee to Request Proposals For The Audit Against No Engagement No Less Than Every 8 Years Sempra Energy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker SRE Primary CUSIP 816851109 Meeting Date 12-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Alan L. Boeckmann For No Management Elect Director Kathleen L. Brown For No Management Elect Director Pablo A. Ferrero For No Management Elect Director William D. Jones For No Management Elect Director William G. Ouchi For No Management Elect Director Debra L. Reed For No Management Elect Director William C. Rusnack For No Management Elect Director William P. Rutledge For No Management Elect Director Lynn Schenk For No Management Elect Director Jack T. Taylor For No Management Elect Director James C. Yardley For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche LLP as Auditors For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation Against Yes CorEnergy Infrastructure Trust, Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker CORR Primary CUSIP 21870U502 Meeting Date 18-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Catherine A. Lewis For No Management Elect Director Richard C. Green For No Management Ratify Ernst & Young LLP as Auditors For No InfraREIT, Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker HIFR Primary CUSIP 45685L100 Meeting Date 18-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director David A. Campbell For No Management Elect Director Storrow M. Gordon For No Management Elect Director Trudy A. Harper For No Management Ratify Ernst & Young LLP as Auditors For No NextEra Energy, Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker NEE Primary CUSIP 65339F101 Meeting Date 19-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Sherry S. Barrat For No Management Elect Director James L. Camaren For No Management Elect Director Kenneth B. Dunn For No Management Elect Director Naren K. Gursahaney For No Management Elect Director Kirk S. Hachigian For No Management Elect Director Toni Jennings For No Management Elect Director Amy B. Lane For No Management Elect Director James L. Robo For No Management Elect Director Rudy E. Schupp For No Management Elect Director John L. Skolds For No Management Elect Director William H. Swanson For No Management Elect Director Hansel E. Tookes, II For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche LLP as Auditors For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Management Amend Omnibus Stock Plan For No Share Holder Report on Political Contributions For Yes Share Holder Adopt Proxy Access Right For Yes Share Holder Report on Risks and Costs of Sea Level Rise For Yes ONEOK, Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker OKE Primary CUSIP 682680103 Meeting Date 25-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Brian L. Derksen For No Management Elect Director Julie H. Edwards For No Management Elect Director John W. Gibson For No Management Elect Director Randall J. Larson For No Management Elect Director Steven J. Malcolm For No Management Elect Director Kevin S. McCarthy For No Management Elect Director Jim W. Mogg For No Management Elect Director Pattye L. Moore For No Management Elect Director Gary D. Parker For No Management Elect Director Eduardo A. Rodriguez For No Management Elect Director Terry K. Spencer For No Management Ratify PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as Auditors For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No The Southern Company -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker SO Primary CUSIP 842587107 Meeting Date 25-May-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Juanita Powell Baranco For No Management Elect Director Jon A. Boscia For No Management Elect Director Henry A. 'Hal' Clark, III For No Management Elect Director Thomas A. Fanning For No Management Elect Director David J. Grain For No Management Elect Director Veronica M. Hagen For No Management Elect Director Warren A. Hood, Jr. For No Management Elect Director Linda P. Hudson For No Management Elect Director Donald M. James For No Management Elect Director John D. Johns For No Management Elect Director Dale E. Klein For No Management Elect Director William G. Smith, Jr. For No Management Elect Director Steven R. Specker For No Management Elect Director Larry D. Thompson For No Management Elect Director E. Jenner Wood, III For No Management Provide Proxy Access Right For No Management Reduce Supermajority Vote Requirement For No Management Eliminate Fair Price Provision For No Management Permit Board to Amend Bylaws Without Shareholder Consent For No Management Advisory Vote to Ratify Named Executive Officers' Compensation For No Management Amend Omnibus Stock Plan For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche as Auditors For No Share Holder Report on Strategy for Aligning with 2 Degree Scenario For Yes Share Holder Report on Financial Risks of Stranded Carbon Assets For Yes Buckeye Partners, L.P. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker BPL Primary CUSIP 118230101 Meeting Date 07-Jun-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Elect Director Oliver 'Rick' G. Richard, III For No Management Elect Director Clark C. Smith For No Management Elect Director Frank S. Sowinski For No Management Ratify Deloitte & Touche LLP as Auditors For No The Williams Companies, Inc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ticker WMB Primary CUSIP 969457100 Meeting Date 27-Jun-16 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTE VOTE AGAINST PROPONENT PROPOSAL TEXT INSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Management Approve Merger Agreement Against Yes Management Advisory Vote on Golden Parachutes Against Yes Management Adjourn Meeting Against Yes SIGNATURES [See General Instruction F] Pursuant to the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. (Registrant) FIRST TRUST MLP AND ENERGY INCOME FUND ----------------------------------------- By (Signature and Title)* /s/ James M. Dykas ----------------------------------- James M. Dykas, President and Chief Executive Officer Date July 20, 2016 ------------------------- * Print the name and title of each signing officer under his or her signature.