Skip to main content
Recent Quotes
My Watchlist
Indicators
Markets
Stocks
ETFs
Tools
Overview
News
Currencies
International
Treasuries

Cavitation Technologies Inc (OP: CVAT )

0.0127 +0.0019 (+17.59%)
Streaming Delayed Price Updated: 3:47 PM EDT, May 31, 2024 Add to My Watchlist
Quote
Overview Detailed Quote Charting Historical Prices
News
All News News Headlines Press Releases
Research
Quarterly Reports Insider Filings Other Filings

Historical Prices

Month:
Year:
Range:
Date Open High Low Close Volume Change (%)
Mar 30, 2015 0.0551 0.0551 0.0551 0 -0.00(-1.06%)
Mar 27, 2015 0.0551 0.0557 0.0551 0.0557 1,180 +0.00(+1.07%)
Mar 26, 2015 0.0551 0.0551 0.0551 0.0551 1,000 -0.00(-1.06%)
Mar 25, 2015 0.0550 0.0557 0.0540 0.0557 25,000 -0.00(-7.18%)
Mar 23, 2015 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0 +0.00(+7.14%)
Mar 20, 2015 0.0588 0.0610 0.0560 0.0560 18,000 -0.00(-8.20%)
Mar 19, 2015 0.0588 0.0610 0.0588 0.0610 3,000 +0.00(+4.45%)
Mar 18, 2015 0.0561 0.0590 0.0561 0.0584 27,000 -0.00(-7.15%)
Mar 17, 2015 0.0628 0.0629 0.0599 0.0629 413,300 +0.00(+4.38%)
Mar 16, 2015 0.0539 0.0628 0.0501 0.0603 78,378 +0.00(+5.91%)
Mar 13, 2015 0.0569 0.0569 0.0500 0.0569 93,822 -0.00(-6.57%)
Mar 12, 2015 0.0532 0.0624 0.0500 0.0609 75,000 +0.01(+10.73%)
Mar 11, 2015 0.0500 0.0590 0.0500 0.0550 151,306 +0.00(+10.00%)
Mar 10, 2015 0.0550 0.0550 0.0451 0.0500 264,092 -0.00(-9.09%)
Mar 09, 2015 0.0510 0.0551 0.0500 0.0550 83,600 -0.00(-0.18%)
Mar 06, 2015 0.0600 0.0600 0.0551 0.0551 213,500 -0.00(-8.17%)
Mar 04, 2015 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0 +0.00(+0.00%)
Mar 03, 2015 0.0589 0.0600 0.0550 0.0600 37,402 +0.00(+8.89%)
Mar 02, 2015 0.0600 0.0600 0.0551 0.0551 144,900 -0.01(-12.54%)
Feb 27, 2015 0.0598 0.0639 0.0551 0.0630 279,072 +0.00(+5.18%)
Feb 26, 2015 0.0644 0.0644 0.0501 0.0599 85,000 -0.00(-6.99%)
Feb 25, 2015 0.0644 0.0644 0.0625 0.0644 6,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Feb 23, 2015 0.0644 0.0644 0.0644 0 +0.01(+17.09%)
Feb 20, 2015 0.0550 0.0600 0.0550 0.0550 156,200 -0.00(-1.06%)
Feb 19, 2015 0.0599 0.0599 0.0556 0.0556 26,450 -0.00(-7.04%)
Feb 18, 2015 0.0598 0.0598 0.0588 0.0598 800 +0.00(+8.73%)
Feb 17, 2015 0.0550 0.0599 0.0550 0.0550 67,028 -0.00(-8.33%)
Feb 13, 2015 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0 +0.00(+3.27%)
Feb 12, 2015 0.0580 0.0644 0.0570 0.0581 319,300 -0.01(-9.92%)
Feb 11, 2015 0.0580 0.0645 0.0550 0.0645 131,352 +0.01(+9.32%)
Feb 10, 2015 0.0590 0.0590 0.0580 0.0590 27,600 +0.00(+3.51%)
Feb 09, 2015 0.0500 0.0599 0.0498 0.0570 63,996 +0.00(+3.83%)
Feb 05, 2015 0.0549 0.0549 0.0549 0 -0.01(-8.35%)
Feb 04, 2015 0.0501 0.0599 0.0501 0.0599 34,000 -0.00(-0.17%)
Feb 03, 2015 0.0407 0.0600 0.0407 0.0600 10,100 +0.00(+0.00%)
Feb 02, 2015 0.0600 0.0600 0.0580 0.0600 40,000 -0.00(-6.98%)
Jan 30, 2015 0.0626 0.0645 0.0626 0.0645 15,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jan 29, 2015 0.0571 0.0650 0.0551 0.0645 93,430 -0.00(-0.77%)
Jan 28, 2015 0.0688 0.0688 0.0650 0.0650 153,000 -0.00(-5.66%)
Jan 27, 2015 0.0661 0.0689 0.0661 0.0689 12,000 +0.01(+14.83%)
Jan 26, 2015 0.0671 0.0689 0.0600 0.0600 16,000 -0.01(-12.79%)
Jan 22, 2015 0.0688 0.0688 0.0688 0 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jan 21, 2015 0.0650 0.0688 0.0650 0.0688 4,000 +0.01(+14.67%)
Jan 16, 2015 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0 +0.00(+5.08%)
Jan 14, 2015 0.0571 0.0571 0.0571 0 +0.00(+3.63%)
Jan 13, 2015 0.0551 0 -0.01(-15.23%)
Jan 12, 2015 0.0688 0.0688 0.0650 0.0650 65,000 -0.00(-5.52%)
Jan 09, 2015 0.0650 0.0688 0.0650 0.0688 20,303 +0.00(+5.85%)
Jan 08, 2015 0.0631 0.0689 0.0601 0.0650 105,297 -0.00(-5.66%)
Jan 06, 2015 0.0689 0.0689 0.0689 0 +0.00(+6.00%)
Jan 05, 2015 0.0450 0.0650 0.0450 0.0650 26,250 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jan 02, 2015 0.0740 0.0740 0.0650 0.0650 105,500 -0.01(-12.16%)
Dec 31, 2014 0.0740 0.0740 0.0740 0 +0.02(+27.59%)
Dec 30, 2014 0.0550 0.0580 0.0550 0.0580 30,147 +0.00(+5.65%)
Dec 29, 2014 0.0550 0.0550 0.0501 0.0549 35,453 -0.00(-0.18%)
Dec 26, 2014 0.0580 0.0580 0.0550 0.0550 56,550 -0.00(-1.79%)
Dec 24, 2014 0.0560 0.0560 0.0560 0 +0.00(+1.82%)
Dec 23, 2014 0.0506 0.0550 0.0501 0.0550 53,950 -0.00(-5.21%)
Dec 22, 2014 0.0564 0.0580 0.0501 0.0580 449,000 +0.00(+1.99%)
Dec 19, 2014 0.0558 0.0569 0.0558 0.0569 4,500 -0.00(-0.85%)
Dec 17, 2014 0.0574 0.0574 0.0574 0 -0.00(-3.89%)
Dec 16, 2014 0.0597 0.0550 0.0597 32,500 +0.00(+5.48%)
Dec 15, 2014 0.0580 0.0580 0.0501 0.0566 669,197 -0.00(-5.67%)
Dec 12, 2014 0.0610 0.0610 0.0570 0.0600 208,816 -0.00(-6.83%)
Dec 11, 2014 0.0660 0.0660 0.0635 0.0644 115,700 -0.00(-5.15%)
Dec 10, 2014 0.0673 0.0679 0.0673 0.0679 3,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Dec 09, 2014 0.0601 0.0679 0.0601 0.0679 81,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Dec 08, 2014 0.0663 0.0679 0.0663 0.0679 50,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Dec 05, 2014 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0679 110,495 -0.01(-9.47%)
Dec 04, 2014 0.0720 0.0750 0.0720 0.0750 22,400 +0.00(+0.00%)
Dec 02, 2014 0.0750 0.0750 0.0750 0 +0.00(+0.13%)
Dec 01, 2014 0.0749 0.0749 0.0650 0.0749 11,505 +0.00(+0.67%)
Nov 28, 2014 0.0651 0.0749 0.0651 0.0744 24,200 -0.00(-0.80%)
Nov 26, 2014 0.0750 0.0750 0.0750 0 +0.00(+7.14%)
Nov 25, 2014 0.0651 0.0749 0.0651 0.0700 37,975 -0.01(-11.95%)
Nov 24, 2014 0.0699 0.0795 0.0641 0.0795 54,600 +0.01(+13.57%)
Nov 21, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0700 0.0700 54,400 -0.01(-12.50%)
Nov 19, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0 +0.00(+0.00%)
Nov 18, 2014 0.0710 0.0800 0.0710 0.0800 55,000 +0.01(+12.99%)
Nov 17, 2014 0.0700 0.0710 0.0690 0.0708 549,155 -0.00(-6.23%)
Nov 14, 2014 0.0750 0.0755 0.0701 0.0755 73,000 -0.00(-4.43%)
Nov 13, 2014 0.0710 0.0790 0.0710 0.0790 4,225 +0.01(+8.22%)
Nov 11, 2014 0.0730 0.0730 0.0730 0 +0.00(+4.29%)
Nov 10, 2014 0.0700 0.0700 0.0680 0.0700 49,547 -0.00(-4.11%)
Nov 06, 2014 0.0730 0.0730 0.0730 0 +0.00(+4.29%)
Nov 05, 2014 0.0700 0.0704 0.0700 0.0700 15,300 +0.00(+0.00%)
Nov 04, 2014 0.0730 0.0730 0.0700 0.0700 75,934 +0.00(+0.00%)
Nov 03, 2014 0.0700 0.0703 0.0700 0.0700 16,297 -0.00(-6.54%)
Oct 31, 2014 0.0710 0.0749 0.0700 0.0749 31,948 +0.02(+26.95%)
Oct 30, 2014 0.0749 0.0749 0.0590 0.0590 27,500 -0.00(-1.67%)
Oct 29, 2014 0.0550 0.0600 0.0550 0.0600 23,400 -0.01(-9.09%)
Oct 28, 2014 0.0610 0.0660 0.0610 0.0660 24,580 +0.00(+6.45%)
Oct 27, 2014 0.0649 0.0649 0.0620 0.0620 16,825 -0.00(-4.47%)
Oct 24, 2014 0.0649 0.0649 0.0649 0.0649 1,800 +0.00(+0.62%)
Oct 23, 2014 0.0641 0.0645 0.0641 0.0645 8,000 +0.01(+15.18%)
Oct 21, 2014 0.0560 0.0560 0.0560 75 -0.00(-6.67%)
Oct 20, 2014 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 18,000 -0.01(-13.92%)
Oct 17, 2014 0.0669 0.0698 0.0669 0.0697 12,675 +0.00(+7.23%)
Oct 15, 2014 0.0650 0.0699 0.0650 0.0650 360,500 +0.00(+0.00%)
Oct 14, 2014 0.0654 0.0654 0.0650 0.0650 20,000 -0.01(-7.14%)
Oct 10, 2014 0.0700 0.0700 0.0700 0 +0.00(+5.11%)
Oct 09, 2014 0.0650 0.0680 0.0650 0.0666 24,800 +0.00(+0.45%)
Oct 08, 2014 0.0663 0.0663 0.0663 0.0663 1,400 +0.01(+10.50%)
Oct 07, 2014 0.0650 0.0650 0.0533 0.0600 184,250 -0.01(-14.16%)
Oct 06, 2014 0.0651 0.0699 0.0651 0.0699 45,000 -0.00(-0.14%)
Oct 03, 2014 0.0540 0.0749 0.0540 0.0700 196,340 +0.01(+7.69%)
Oct 02, 2014 0.0700 0.0730 0.0650 0.0650 217,300 -0.01(-16.34%)
Oct 01, 2014 0.0750 0.0777 0.0750 0.0777 18,350 +0.00(+0.52%)
Sep 30, 2014 0.0773 0.0773 0.0773 0.0773 5,000 +0.00(+3.07%)
Sep 29, 2014 0.0750 0.0750 0.0750 0.0750 21,800 -0.01(-16.01%)
Sep 26, 2014 0.0893 0.0893 0.0893 0.0893 200 +0.01(+13.18%)
Sep 25, 2014 0.0780 0.0789 0.0756 0.0789 45,000 +0.00(+1.15%)
Sep 24, 2014 0.0819 0.0819 0.0780 0.0780 118,700 -0.01(-11.26%)
Sep 23, 2014 0.0796 0.0879 0.0796 0.0879 49,862 +0.01(+9.88%)
Sep 19, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0 +0.00(+0.76%)
Sep 18, 2014 0.0794 0.0794 0.0794 0.0794 1,000 -0.00(-5.81%)
Sep 17, 2014 0.0751 0.0843 0.0751 0.0843 10,325 +0.00(+5.51%)
Sep 15, 2014 0.0799 0.0799 0.0799 0 -0.01(-6.00%)
Sep 12, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0850 0.0850 313,517 -0.01(-9.48%)
Sep 11, 2014 0.0980 0.1180 0.0900 0.0939 402,850 -0.00(-1.16%)
Sep 10, 2014 0.0840 0.1000 0.0801 0.0950 244,353 +0.01(+13.10%)
Sep 09, 2014 0.0751 0.0840 0.0750 0.0840 223,500 +0.01(+18.31%)
Sep 08, 2014 0.0800 0.0836 0.0701 0.0710 295,100 -0.01(-15.27%)
Sep 05, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0.0838 27,000 +0.00(+4.75%)
Sep 04, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 72,444 +0.00(+0.00%)
Sep 03, 2014 0.0850 0.0857 0.0800 0.0800 282,330 -0.01(-5.88%)
Sep 02, 2014 0.0850 0.0853 0.0850 0.0850 21,000 -0.00(-4.39%)
Aug 29, 2014 0.0889 0.0889 0.0889 0 +0.00(+4.59%)
Aug 28, 2014 0.0801 0.0850 0.0801 0.0850 25,500 +0.01(+6.25%)
Aug 27, 2014 0.0850 0.0800 0.0800 45,000 -0.01(-5.88%)
Aug 26, 2014 0.0840 0.0850 0.0840 0.0850 46,250 +0.00(+1.19%)
Aug 25, 2014 0.0840 0.0840 0.0825 0.0840 102,550 +0.00(+0.00%)
Aug 22, 2014 0.0850 0.0865 0.0840 0.0840 134,800 -0.00(-1.18%)
Aug 21, 2014 0.0880 0.0900 0.0800 0.0850 316,000 +0.01(+13.33%)
Aug 20, 2014 0.0700 0.0750 0.0700 0.0750 55,000 +0.00(+7.14%)
Aug 19, 2014 0.0600 0.0750 0.0500 0.0700 64,100 -0.00(-6.67%)
Aug 18, 2014 0.0756 0.0756 0.0750 0.0750 21,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Aug 15, 2014 0.0780 0.0780 0.0756 0.0750 48,666 -0.00(-3.85%)
Aug 14, 2014 0.0780 0.0780 0.0780 0.0780 24,687 -0.00(-2.50%)
Aug 13, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 303,000 +0.00(+1.27%)
Aug 12, 2014 0.0795 0.0790 0.0790 434,000 -0.00(-0.63%)
Aug 11, 2014 0.0811 0.0811 0.0795 0.0795 261,885 -0.01(-6.47%)
Aug 08, 2014 0.0850 0.0860 0.0835 0.0850 59,000 +0.00(+2.41%)
Aug 07, 2014 0.0800 0.0860 0.0800 0.0830 26,240 +0.00(+3.75%)
Aug 06, 2014 0.0850 0.0850 0.0800 0.0800 25,000 -0.01(-5.88%)
Aug 05, 2014 0.0860 0.0900 0.0850 0.0850 158,400 -0.00(-5.56%)
Aug 04, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 555 +0.00(+0.00%)
Aug 01, 2014 0.0905 0.0905 0.0900 0.0900 11,000 -0.01(-5.26%)
Jul 31, 2014 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 27,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jul 30, 2014 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 10,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jul 29, 2014 0.0850 0.0950 0.0850 0.0950 32,470 +0.01(+18.60%)
Jul 28, 2014 0.0864 0.0880 0.0801 0.0801 21,500 -0.01(-11.00%)
Jul 25, 2014 0.0840 0.0900 0.0800 0.0900 202,378 +0.00(+5.88%)
Jul 24, 2014 0.0834 0.0850 0.0830 0.0850 162,950 -0.00(-5.56%)
Jul 23, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 5,259 +0.00(+5.88%)
Jul 22, 2014 0.0810 0.0850 0.0800 0.0850 167,635 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jul 21, 2014 0.0800 0.0850 0.0800 0.0850 156,057 +0.01(+6.92%)
Jul 18, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0795 0.0795 63,293 -0.00(-0.63%)
Jul 17, 2014 0.0790 0.0800 0.0790 0.0800 15,650 -0.01(-5.88%)
Jul 16, 2014 0.0799 0.0850 0.0799 0.0850 120,100 +0.01(+6.38%)
Jul 15, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0770 0.0799 52,500 +0.01(+14.14%)
Jul 14, 2014 0.0700 0.0700 0.0700 0.0700 4,000 -0.01(-12.50%)
Jul 11, 2014 0.0790 0.0800 0.0790 0.0800 173,291 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jul 10, 2014 0.0770 0.0800 0.0751 0.0800 146,859 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jul 09, 2014 0.0797 0.0800 0.0792 0.0800 93,900 -0.00(-2.44%)
Jul 07, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 0 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jul 03, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 0 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jul 02, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 138,029 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jul 01, 2014 0.0820 0.0821 0.0820 0.0820 123,300 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jun 30, 2014 0.0685 0.0820 0.0685 0.0820 30,200 +0.01(+17.14%)
Jun 27, 2014 0.0700 0.0700 0.0700 0.0700 3,250 -0.01(-14.63%)
Jun 26, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 671 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jun 25, 2014 0.0808 0.0820 0.0808 0.0820 15,000 -0.00(-0.12%)
Jun 24, 2014 0.0724 0.0821 0.0701 0.0821 108,485 +0.00(+0.12%)
Jun 20, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 0 +0.00(+2.50%)
Jun 19, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 10,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jun 18, 2014 0.0730 0.0800 0.0730 0.0800 105,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jun 17, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 6,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jun 16, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0701 0.0800 213,400 -0.00(-2.44%)
Jun 13, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0810 0.0820 9,200 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jun 12, 2014 0.0700 0.0820 0.0600 0.0820 188,800 +0.00(+2.50%)
Jun 10, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jun 06, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 105 +0.00(+0.00%)
Jun 03, 2014 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 0 -0.00(-2.44%)
Jun 02, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0816 0.0820 423,873 +0.00(+0.00%)
May 30, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 55,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
May 29, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 154,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
May 28, 2014 0.0820 0.0845 0.0820 0.0820 249,327 -0.01(-6.82%)
May 27, 2014 0.0880 0.0880 0.0880 0.0880 16,700 +0.00(+0.00%)
May 22, 2014 0.0880 0.0880 0.0880 0 +0.00(+5.90%)
May 21, 2014 0.0821 0.0850 0.0820 0.0831 404,850 +0.00(+1.34%)
May 20, 2014 0.0875 0.0875 0.0820 0.0820 447,000 -0.01(-6.29%)
May 19, 2014 0.0875 0.0880 0.0875 0.0875 35,000 -0.00(-2.78%)
May 15, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0 +0.00(+0.56%)
May 14, 2014 0.0875 0.0895 0.0875 0.0895 43,604 +0.00(+0.00%)
May 13, 2014 0.0875 0.0895 0.0875 0.0895 12,000 +0.00(+5.29%)
May 12, 2014 0.0850 0.0850 0.0850 0.0850 1,000 -0.00(-5.03%)
May 09, 2014 0.0895 0.0895 0.0895 0.0895 11,500 +0.00(+0.00%)
May 08, 2014 0.0895 0.0895 0.0850 0.0895 31,512 +0.00(+0.00%)
May 07, 2014 0.0820 0.0895 0.0820 0.0895 11,200 +0.00(+4.07%)
May 06, 2014 0.0860 0.0860 0.0860 0.0860 40,000 -0.00(-3.91%)
May 05, 2014 0.0895 0.0895 0.0895 0.0895 5,515 +0.00(+3.95%)
May 02, 2014 0.0895 0.0895 0.0861 0.0861 6,085 -0.00(-4.33%)
May 01, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 22,000 +0.01(+9.76%)
Apr 30, 2014 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820 2,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Apr 29, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0820 0.0820 53,940 -0.01(-8.89%)
Apr 28, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 1,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Apr 25, 2014 0.0890 0.0900 0.0850 0.0900 114,000 +0.00(+0.00%)
Apr 22, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0 -0.01(-5.26%)
Apr 21, 2014 0.0890 0.0950 0.0890 0.0950 6,000 -0.00(-4.90%)
Apr 17, 2014 0.0999 0.0999 0.0999 0 +0.01(+7.42%)
Apr 16, 2014 0.0930 0.0930 0.0930 0.0930 10,000 -0.00(-2.11%)
Apr 15, 2014 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 1,000 +0.01(+5.56%)
Apr 14, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 15,000 -0.01(-5.26%)
Apr 11, 2014 0.0900 0.0950 0.0900 0.0950 0 +0.01(+7.83%)
Apr 10, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0881 0.0881 13,000 -0.00(-2.11%)
Apr 09, 2014 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 0.0900 237,515 +0.00(+1.12%)
Apr 08, 2014 0.0880 0.0940 0.0880 0.0890 210,000 -0.00(-3.26%)
Apr 07, 2014 0.0890 0.0920 0.0885 0.0920 49,200 +0.00(+3.37%)
Apr 04, 2014 0.0950 0.0950 0.0890 0.0890 0 -0.01(-6.32%)
Apr 03, 2014 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 1,000 -0.00(-4.90%)
Apr 02, 2014 0.0850 0.0999 0.0850 0.0999 297,350 +0.01(+8.59%)
Data & News supplied by www.cloudquote.io
Stock quotes supplied by Barchart
Quotes delayed at least 20 minutes.
By accessing this page, you agree to the following
Privacy Policy and Terms and Conditions.