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Prenetics Announces Record Third Quarter 2022 Financial Results and Raises Full Year 2022 Revenue and EBITDA Guidance

LONDON and HONG KONG, Nov. 10, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Prenetics Global Limited (NASDAQ: PRE) (“Prenetics” or the “Company”), a global leader in genomic and diagnostic testing, today announced its unaudited financial results for the third quarter ended September 30, 2022.

Third Quarter 2022 and Recent Highlights:

  • Reported third quarter 2022 revenue of US$80 million
  • Reported loss from operations of US$9 million, adjusted earnings1 of US$21 million and adjusted EBITDA2 of US$27 million in the third quarter
  • Achieved gross margin of 59% in the third quarter
  • Appointed Professor Robert Harris, founder and former CEO of Lakeside Healthcare Group, one of UK’s largest GP practices, as Executive Chairman of Prenetics EMEA
  • Ended the third quarter with cash and other short-term assets3 of approximately US$250 million
  • Obtained HSBC banking facilities of US$50 million for general corporate purposes and liquidity for potential acquisitions, demonstrating confidence from financial institutions

Danny Yeung, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder of Prenetics, said I’m very proud of our strong results, demonstrating our continued growth, and reflecting the success we’ve had in performing over 26 million COVID-19 laboratory and at-home tests to date. Looking ahead, we expect to see continued demand in COVID testing to drive near term revenues. I’m also very excited to see our global clinical strategy taking shape, as we launch more tests into more clinics. As part of our UK restructuring, we’ve recently added Professor Robert Harris as our Executive Chairman for Prenetics EMEA. We are thrilled to be able to leverage his knowledge and experience as a co-founder and former CEO of Lakeside Healthcare Group, which he grew into one of the largest GP practices in the UK. We believe with the addition of Prof. Harris and our new UK strategy, we aim to provide clinical care to 1 million people by 2025. Lastly, we are now in final discussions for multiple acquisitions in the area of clinical cancer genomics, virtual care and primary care clinics which we believe would be highly synergistic and accretive to Prenetics as we continue on our mission to build an end to end health ecosystem. I look forward to providing key updates in the coming months.

Professor Robert Harris, Executive Chairman of Prenetics EMEA, added “I am thrilled to join Prenetics as they continue to scale the business and approach exciting roll-up opportunities. Having previously built one of the UK’s largest GP practices, managing hundreds and thousands of patients, I’m impressed by Prenetics’ suite of preventive and diagnostic tests, and their goal of providing a greater level of care to patients.”

Financial Guidance

Prenetics provides guidance based on current market conditions and expectations for revenue and adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-IFRS financial measure.

For full year 2022, Prenetics raises revenue guidance to the range of US$270 million to US$280 million and raises full year adjusted EBITDA guidance to the range of US$47 million to US$53 million.

About Prenetics

Founded in 2014, Prenetics is a major global diagnostics and genetic testing company with the mission to bring health closer to millions of people globally and decentralize healthcare by making the three pillars — Prevention, Diagnostics and Personalized Care — comprehensive and accessible to anyone, at anytime and anywhere. Prenetics is led by visionary entrepreneur, Danny Yeung, with operations across 9 locations, including United Kingdom, Hong Kong, India, South Africa, and Southeast Asia. Prenetics develops consumer genetic testing and early colorectal cancer screening; and provides COVID-19 testing, rapid point of care and at-home diagnostic testing and medical genetic testing. To learn more about Prenetics, visit www.prenetics.com.

Enquires:  
   
Investors:  
investors@prenetics.com  
   
Media:  
Strategic Public Relations Group
 
Vicky Lee+852 2864 4834Email: vicky.lee@sprg.com.hk
Corinne Ho+852 2114 4911Email: corinne.ho@sprg.com.hk
Holly Szeto+852 2864 4853Email: holly.szeto@sprg.com.hk
www.sprg.com.hk  

Forward-Looking Statements

This document contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act that are based on beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to Prenetics, and also contains certain financial forecasts and projections.

All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this document, including, but not limited to, statements about Prenetics’ future results of operations and financial position, plans for new product development and geographic expansion, objectives of management for future operations, projections of market opportunity and revenue growth, competitive position, and technological and market trends, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: "may," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expect," "intend," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "project," "potential," "continue," "ongoing," "target," "seek" or the negative or plural of these words, or other similar expressions that are predictions or indicate future events or prospects, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements are based upon estimates and forecasts and reflect the views, assumptions, expectations, and opinions of Prenetics, which involve inherent risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Any such estimates, assumptions, expectations, forecasts, views or opinions, whether or not identified in this document, should be regarded as indicative, preliminary and for illustrative purposes only and should not be relied upon as being necessarily indicative of future results. A number of risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement, including but not limited to: changes in applicable laws or regulations applicable to Prenetics; developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic; the regulatory environment and changes in laws, regulations or policies in which Prenetics operate; Prenetics’ ability to successfully compete in highly competitive industries and markets; Prenetics’ ability to continue to adjust its offerings to meet market demand; Prenetics’ ability to attract customers to choose its products and services and grow its ecosystem; political instability in the jurisdictions in which Prenetics operates; the overall economic environment and general market and economic conditions in the jurisdiction in which Prenetics operates; and Prenetics’ ability to execute its strategies, manage growth and maintain its corporate culture as it grows. In addition to the foregoing factors, you should also carefully consider the other risks and uncertainties included in Prenetics’ filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) from time to time.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. Prenetics does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise, except as required under applicable law.

Website

Prenetics intends to use its website as a distribution channel of material company information. Financial and other important information regarding the Company is routinely posted on and accessible through the Company’s website at https://www.prenetics.com/. Accordingly, we recommend you to monitor the investor relations portion of our website at https://ir.prenetics.com/ in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about the Company when you enroll your email address by visiting the “Request Email Alerts” section of our investor relations page at https://ir.prenetics.com/. However, the additional information contained on our website is not part of our SEC filings.

Basis of Presentation

Unaudited Financial Information and Non-IFRS Financial Measures has been provided in the financial statements tables included at the end of this press release. An explanation of these measures is also included below under the heading “Unaudited Financial Information and Non-IFRS Financial Measures.”

Unaudited Financial Information and Non-IFRS Financial Measures

To supplement Prenetics’ consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), the Company is providing non-IFRS measures, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted gross profit and adjusted profit for the period. These non-IFRS financial measures are not based on any standardized methodology prescribed by IFRS and are not necessarily comparable to similarly-titled measures presented by other companies. Management believes these non-IFRS financial measures are useful to investors in evaluating the Company's ongoing operating results and trends.

Management is excluding from some or all of its non-IFRS operating results (1) Equity-settled share-based payment expenses, (2) depreciation and amortization, (3) finance income and exchange gain or loss, and (4) other discretionary items determined by management. These non-IFRS financial measures are limited in value because they exclude certain items that may have a material impact on the reported financial results. Management accounts for this limitation by analyzing results on an IFRS basis as well as a non-IFRS basis and also by providing IFRS measures in the Company's public disclosures.

In addition, other companies, including companies in the same industry, may not use the same non-IFRS measures or may calculate these metrics in a different manner than management or may use other financial measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of these non-IFRS measures as comparative measures. Because of these limitations, the Company's non-IFRS financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with IFRS. Investors are encouraged to review the non-IFRS reconciliations provided in the tables captioned “Reconciliation of (Loss)/Profit from Operations under IFRS and Adjusted EBITDA (Non-IFRS)”, “Reconciliation of Gross Profit under IFRS and Adjusted Gross Profit (Non-IFRS)” and “Reconciliation of Loss attributable to equity shareholders of Prenetics under IFRS and Adjusted Profit for the period (Non-IFRS)” set forth at the end of this document.

PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited consolidated statements of financial position
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
      
 September 30,
2022
 June 30,
2022
 December 31,
2021
 $ $ $
Assets     
Property, plant and equipment10,974,095 12,863,570 13,037,192
Intangible assets800,422 21,675,333 23,826,282
Goodwill- 3,538,599 3,978,065
Deferred tax assets7,696 4,983 79,702
Deferred expenses7,393,072 8,538,212 -
Other non-current assets334,524 449,651 693,548
Non-current assets19,509,809 47,070,348 41,614,789
      
Inventories8,210,825 11,296,467 6,829,226
Trade receivables61,076,651 42,634,854 47,041,538
Deferred expenses4,535,245 4,553,370 -
Deposits, prepayments and other receivables6,356,168 11,563,328 7,817,756
Amounts due from related companies- - 9,060
Financial assets at fair value through
profit or loss
25,226,919 26,746,657 9,906,000
Cash and cash equivalents144,686,487 134,379,603 35,288,952
Current assets250,092,295 231,174,279 106,892,532
Total assets269,602,104 278,244,627 148,507,321
      
Liabilities     
Deferred tax liabilities224,189 596,151 659,498
Preference shares liabilities- - 486,404,770
Warrant liabilities10,073,250 8,311,000 -
Lease liabilities2,488,780 3,066,826 3,600,232
Non-current liabilities12,786,219 11,973,977 490,664,500
      
Trade payables9,077,855 8,571,871 9,979,726
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities16,395,020 14,735,987 36,280,298
Contract liabilities5,579,759 9,762,974 9,587,245
Lease liabilities1,857,982 1,874,093 1,666,978
Trade financing9,741,503 9,201,820 -
Tax payable6,894,415 3,121,962 1,223,487
Current liabilities49,546,534 47,268,707 58,737,734
Total liabilities62,332,753 59,242,684 549,402,234
      


PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited consolidated statements of financial position
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
      
 September 30,
2022
 June 30,
2022
 December 31,
2021
 $ $ $
Equity     
Share capital (US$0.0001 par value,
   500,000,000 shares authorized and
   110,979,347 shares issued (June 30, 2022:
   US$0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 shares
   authorized and 110,979,347 shares issued;
   December 31, 2021: US$0.0001 par value,
   500,000,000 shares authorized and
   14,932,033 shares issued))
11,098  11,098  1,493 
Reserves207,343,283  219,075,867  (400,811,431)
Total equity/(equity deficiency) attributable to
   equity shareholders of the Company
207,354,381  219,086,965  (400,809,938)
Non-controlling interests(85,030) (85,022) (84,975)
Total equity/(equity deficiency)207,269,351  219,001,943  (400,894,913)
Total equity and liabilities269,602,104  278,244,627  148,507,321 
      


PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
    
 For the nine months ended
 September 30,
2022
  September 30,
2021
 
 $  $ 
    
Revenue223,440,544  211,136,492 
Direct costs(118,888,842) (128,770,734)
Gross profit104,551,702  82,365,758 
Other income and other net (losses)/gains(744,692) 199,305 
Selling and distribution expenses (included equity-settled
   share-based payment expenses of $106,909 (2021: $15,624))
(10,798,052) (11,575,835)
Research and development expenses (included equity-settled
   share-based payment expenses of $3,857,617
   (2021: $2,723,370))
(11,913,427) (5,104,080)
Restructuring costs in relation to UK and diagnostic business   
- Impairment losses on intangible assets(19,109,580) - 
- Impairment losses on goodwill(3,272,253) - 
- Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment(1,738,467) - 
- Write-off of prepayment(3,549,298) - 
Administrative and other operating expenses (included
   equity-settled share-based payment expenses of $24,172,462
   (2021: $9,926,392))
(81,359,051) (45,349,553)
(Loss)/profit from operations(27,933,118) 20,535,595 
Fair value loss on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss(1,674,184) - 
Share-based payment on listing4(89,546,601) - 
Fair value loss on convertible securities-  (29,054,669)
Fair value loss on preference shares liabilities(60,091,353) (71,885,207)
Fair value loss on warrant liabilities(3,301,827) - 
Write-off on amount due from a shareholder-  (106,179)
Gain on bargain purchase-  117,238 
Other finance costs(4,082,155) (2,775,251)
Loss before taxation(186,629,238) (83,168,473)
Income tax expense(5,432,092) (5,105,364)
Loss for the period(192,061,330) (88,273,837)
    
Other comprehensive income for the period   
Item that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:   
Exchange difference on translation of:   
- financial statements of subsidiaries and a joint venture outside
Hong Kong
(7,602,604) (1,006,600)
Total comprehensive income for the period(199,663,934) (89,280,437)
    
Loss attributable to:   
Equity shareholders of Prenetics(192,061,275) (88,266,295)
Non-controlling interests(55) (7,542)
 (192,061,330) (88,273,837)
      


PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
    
 For the nine months ended
 September 30,
2022
  September 30,
2021
 
 $  $ 
    
Total comprehensive income attributable to:   
Equity shareholders of Prenetics(199,663,879) (89,272,895)
Non-controlling interests(55) (7,542)
 (199,663,934) (89,280,437)
    
Loss per share   
Basic loss per share(2.73) (2.90)
Diluted loss per share(2.73) (2.90)
    
Weighted average number of common shares:   
Basic70,371,679  30,396,578 
Diluted70,371,679  30,396,578 


PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
      
 For the three months ended
 September 30,
2022
  June 30,
2022
  September 30,
2021
 
 $  $  $ 
      
Revenue79,680,227  51,716,268  74,659,012 
Direct costs(32,861,283) (30,021,343) (48,919,345)
Gross profit46,818,944  21,694,925  25,739,667 
Other income and other net losses(159,353) (556,328) (156,738)
Selling and distribution expenses(included
equity-settled share-based
payment expenses of $67,267
(June 30, 2022: $30,150;
September 30, 2021: $9,771))
(2,395,630) (3,119,276) (5,292,592)
Research and development expenses
(included equity-settled share-based
payment expenses of $960,298
(June 30, 2022: $1,647,701;
September 30, 2021: $2,024,342))
(3,248,693) (4,843,244) (2,170,589)
Restructuring costs in relation to UK and
diagnostic business
     
- Impairment losses on intangible assets(19,109,580) -  - 
- Impairment losses on goodwill(3,272,253) -  - 
- Impairment losses on property, plant and
equipment
(1,738,467) -  - 
- Write-off of prepayment(3,549,298) -  - 
Administrative and other operating expenses
(included equity-settled share-based
payment expenses in $4,959,298
(June 30, 2022: $11,316,433;
September 30, 2021: $7,360,378))
(22,830,520) (31,073,684) (23,459,571)
Loss from operations(9,484,850) (17,897,607) (5,339,823)
Fair value loss on financial assets at fair value
through profit or loss
(14,841) (1,659,343) - 
Share-based payment on listing-  (89,546,601) - 
Fair value loss on preference shares liabilities-  (31,815,352) (71,885,207)
Fair value loss on warrant liabilities(1,762,250) (1,539,577) - 
Write-off on amount due from a shareholder-  -  (106,179)
Gain on bargain purchase-  -  117,238 
Other finance costs(142,581) (1,447,778) (2,352,895)
Loss before taxation(11,404,522) (143,906,258) (79,566,866)
Income tax expense(3,493,717) (270,937) (846,495)
Loss for the period(14,898,239) (144,177,195) (80,413,361)
      
Other comprehensive income for the
period
Item that may be reclassified subsequently to
profit or loss:
     
Exchange difference on translation of:     
- financial statements of subsidiaries and a
joint venture outside Hong Kong
(2,826,668) (4,245,198) (858,767)
Total comprehensive income for the period(17,724,907) (148,422,393) (81,272,128)
         


PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
      
 For the three months ended
 September 30,
2022
  June 30,
2022
  September 30,
2021
 
 $  $  $ 
      
Loss attributable to:     
Equity shareholders of Prenetics(14,898,231) (144,177,194) (80,410,937)
Non-controlling interests(8) (1) (2,424)
 (14,898,239) (144,177,195) (80,413,361)
      
Total comprehensive income attributable
   to:
     
Equity shareholders of Prenetics(17,724,899) (148,422,392) (81,269,704)
Non-controlling interests(8) (1) (2,424)
 (17,724,907) (148,422,393) (81,272,128)
      
Loss per share     
Basic loss per share(0.21) (2.91) (2.65)
Diluted loss per share(0.21) (2.91) (2.65)
      
Weighted average number of common
   shares:
     
Basic70,371,679  49,616,648  30,396,578 
Diluted70,371,679  49,616,648  30,396,578 
         


PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited Financial Information and Non-IFRS Financial Measures
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
    
Reconciliation of (Loss)/Profit from Operations under IFRS and Adjusted EBITDA (Non-IFRS)
    
 For the nine months ended
 September 30,
2022
  September 30,
2021
 
 $  $ 
    
(Loss)/profit from operations under IFRS(27,933,118) 20,535,595 
Employee equity-settled share-based payment expenses28,338,511  12,975,035 
Depreciation and amortization6,209,748  4,345,417 
Restructuring costs in relation to UK and diagnostic business   
- Impairment losses on intangible assets19,109,580  - 
- Impairment losses on goodwill3,272,253  - 
- Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment1,738,467  - 
- Write-off of prepayment3,549,298  - 
Other strategic financing, transactional expense and
non-recurring expenses
10,941,228  2,415,383 
Finance income, exchange gain or loss, net967,707  (333,798)
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-IFRS)46,193,674  39,937,632 
      


 For the three months ended
 September 30,
2022
  June 30,
2022
  September 30,
2021
 
 $  $  $ 
      
Loss from operations under IFRS(9,484,850) (17,897,607) (5,339,823)
Employee equity-settled share-based payment
   expenses
5,994,430  12,966,966  9,437,807 
Depreciation and amortization2,107,063  1,947,390  1,983,045 
Restructuring costs in relation to UK and
   diagnostic business
     
- Impairment losses on intangible assets19,109,580  -  - 
- Impairment losses on goodwill3,272,253  -  - 
- Impairment losses on property, plant and
equipment
1,738,467  -  - 
- Write-off of prepayment3,549,298  -  - 
Other strategic financing, transactional expense
and non-recurring expenses
391,354  8,854,689  1,219,997 
Finance income, exchange gain or loss, net264,339  671,596  (12,421)
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-IFRS)26,941,934  6,543,034  7,288,605 
         


PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited Financial Information and Non-IFRS Financial Measures
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
 
Reconciliation of Gross Profit under IFRS and Adjusted Gross Profit (Non-IFRS)
     
 For the nine months ended 
 September 30,
2022
 September 30,
2021
 
 $ $ 
     
Gross profit under IFRS104,551,702 82,365,758 
Depreciation and amortization1,364,314 801,870 
Adjusted gross profit (Non-IFRS)105,916,016 83,167,628 
     

 

 For the three months ended
 September 30,
2022
 June 30,
2022
 September 30,
2021
 $ $ $
      
Gross profit under IFRS46,818,944 21,694,925 25,739,667
Depreciation and amortization501,211 445,484 353,429
Adjusted gross profit (Non-IFRS)47,320,155 22,140,409 26,093,096
      


PRENETICS GLOBAL LIMITED
Unaudited Financial Information and Non-IFRS Financial Measures
(Expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated)
    
Reconciliation of Loss attributable to equity shareholders of Prenetics under IFRS and Adjusted profit for the period (Non-IFRS)
    
 For the nine months ended
 September 30,
2022
  September 30,
2021
 
 $  $ 
    
Loss attributable to equity shareholders of Prenetics under
   IFRS
(192,061,275) (88,266,295)
Employee equity-settled share-based payment expenses28,338,511  12,975,035 
Other strategic financing, transactional expense and
   non-recurring expenses
10,941,228  2,415,383 
Share-based payment on listing89,546,601  - 
Fair value loss on convertible securities-  29,054,669 
Fair value loss on preference shares liabilities60,091,353  71,885,207 
Fair value loss on warrant liabilities3,301,827  - 
Fair value loss on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss1,674,184  - 
Restructuring costs in relation to UK and diagnostic business   
- Impairment losses on intangible assets19,109,580  - 
- Impairment losses on goodwill3,272,253  - 
- Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment1,738,467  - 
- Write-off of prepayment3,549,298  - 
Adjusted profit for the period (Non-IFRS)29,502,027  28,063,999 
      


 For the three months ended
 September 30,
2022
  June 30,
2022
  September 30,
2021
 
 $  $  $ 
      
Loss attributable to equity shareholders
   of Prenetics under IFRS
(14,898,231) (144,177,194) (80,410,937)
Employee equity-settled share-based
   payment expenses
5,994,430  12,966,966  9,437,807 
Other strategic financing, transactional
expense and non-recurring expenses
391,354  8,854,689  1,219,997 
Share-based payment on listing-  89,546,601  - 
Fair value loss on preference shares liabilities-  31,815,352  71,885,207 
Fair value loss on warrant liabilities1,762,250  1,539,577  - 
Fair value loss on financial assets at fair value
through profit or loss
14,841  1,659,343  - 
Restructuring costs in relation to UK and
   diagnostic business
     
- Impairment losses on intangible assets19,109,580  -  - 
- Impairment losses on goodwill3,272,253  -  - 
- Impairment losses on property, plant and
   equipment
1,738,467  -  - 
- Write-off of prepayment3,549,298  -  - 
Adjusted profit for the period (Non-IFRS)20,934,242  2,205,334  2,132,074 
         

_____________________________________

1 Adjusted Profit (non-IFRS) represents (loss)/profit from operations under IFRS before equity-settled share-based payment expenses, other strategic financing, restructuring costs in relation to UK and diagnostic business, transactional expense and non-recurring expense and fair value adjustments. See the section titled “Unaudited Financial Information and Non-IFRS Financial Measures” and the table captioned “Reconciliation of Loss attributable to equity shareholders of Prenetics under IFRS and Adjusted profit for the period (Non-IFRS)” for more details.

2 Adjusted EBITDA (non-IFRS) represents (loss)/profit from operations under IFRS before equity-settled share-based payment expenses, depreciation and amortization, other strategic financing, restructuring costs in relation to UK and diagnostic business, transactional expense and non-recurring expense, and finance income, exchange gain or loss. See the section titled “Unaudited Financial Information and Non-IFRS Financial Measures” and the table captioned “Reconciliation of (Loss)/Profit from Operations under IFRS and Adjusted EBITDA (Non-IFRS)” for more details.

3 Represents current assets, comprising cash and cash equivalents, short-term financial assets, trade receivables, deposits, prepayments and other receivables, deferred expenses and inventory.

4 The acquisition of the net assets of Artisan Acquisition Corp. (“Artisan”) on May 18, 2022 does not meet the definition of a business under IFRS and has therefore been accounted for as a share-based payment. The excess of fair value of Prenetics shares issued over the fair value of Artisan’s identifiable net assets acquired represents compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for its shares and is expensed as incurred.


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